OBJECTIVETo analyze the nutritional ingredients of daily consumed pre-packaged foods in Chinese adult residents.

METHODSFrom October to December 2013, the nutrition labels of pre-packaged foods consumed in continuous 7 days by 706 adult residents were collected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling in 18 communities with 360 households in 9 cities in China including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenyang, Haerbin,Jinan,Zhengzhou, Changsha and Nanning. The contents of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, sodium and the percentages of low-fat and low-sodium foods were compared among 7 different kinds of foods including baked foods, convenient foods, leisure foods, puffed foods, milk, beverages and seasonings.

RESULTS871 kinds of pre-packaged foods were collected. The median (min, max) of energy contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were 2 155(1 638-2 785) kJ/100 g, 1 980 (582-2 639) kJ/100 g, 1 575 (353-3 015) kJ/100 g respectively. The median (min, max) of fat contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were 30.0 (5.0-40.9) g/100 g, 20.5 (0.3-40.5) g/100 g, 15.1 (0-71.4) g/100 g respectively. The contents of carbohydrate of baked foods, convenient foods and puffed foods were high relatively, the medians (min, max) of which were 58.1(19.8-82.5), 56.5(0-90.7), and 56.1(42.6-75.8)g/100 g respectively. The sodium content of seasoning was the highest, which was 2 177 (20-12 000) mg/100 g. The protein content of beverage was the lowest, which was 0.4(0-17.8)g/100 ml.

CONCLUSIONThe energy and fat contents of puffed foods, baked foods and leisure foods were high. The carbohydrate contents of baked foods, convenient foods and puffed foods were high relatively. The sodium content of seasonings was high. The protein contents of beverages were low.

Adult ; Beverages ; China ; Cities ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Fats ; Dietary Proteins ; Food ; Food, Preserved ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritive Value ; Sodium, Dietary

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis has been widely used in the evaluation of screening validity in Epidemiology and in determining the optimal operating point. At present, theories about ROC curves and computation methods have been established mainly based on cross-sectional data. It is important to understand the characteristics and the progress of ROC application in order to explore more researches on optimal cut-off value, which could also give suggestions on non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevention and control. This study reviewed the application of ROC curve analysis and softwares in NCD and pointed out the future work.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; ROC Curve ; Software

OBJECTIVETo investigate trend of dietary nutrient intake among adult females in China.

METHODSThe changes of dietary energy and major nutrient intake among females aged 25 to 55 years in 9 provinces were analyzed by using the data from Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey, 2000-2011 (CHNS) and indicators of Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013.

RESULTSDuring the past decade, the proportion of females with the intake of energy and protein meeting the requirement of recommendation decreased, while the proportion of females with low carbohydrate (< 50% energy) and high fat (> 30% energy) intakes increased. Meanwhile, the vitamin and mineral intakes among the females were also unsatisfactory, only small proportion of the females met the requirement for micronutrient intake, and this proportion continued to decline. In 2011, the proportion of the females who met the requirements for energy and protein intakes were 43.0% and 54.4%, respectively; the proportion of the females with low carbohydrate and high fat intakes were 40.2% and 63.8%, respectively; the proportion of females who met the requirements for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E intakes were 25.2%, 10.7%, 6.9%, 54.9%, 24.3% and 88.5% respectively and the proportion of females who met the requirements for calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and selenium intakes were 3.3%, 23.6%, 50.9%, 75.7% and 13.3% respectively.

CONCLUSIONFurther nutritional education and intervention is needed to improve nutrition status among Chinese females.

Adult ; Ascorbic Acid ; administration & dosage ; Calcium, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; China ; Diet ; trends ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; administration & dosage ; Micronutrients ; administration & dosage ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Requirements ; Nutritional Status ; Vitamins ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo examine the characteristics of 'eating out' behavior among Chinese adults and to explore it related risk factors.

METHODSData in the present study was from the China Health and Nutrition Study(CHNS), including those from Liaoning, Henan and Hunan as sample provinces. 2 cities and 2 counties from each province and 2 urban communities and 2 suburban communities from each city plus communities from 1 township and 3 villages from each county were chosen. A final 1013 Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years old who participated in the 2011 CHNS with complete individual information and were available in the present study period were involved in the study. 'Eating out behavior' was estimated through face-to-face interview on the items as:frequency, cost, ways of transportation and distance between restaurants, eating at fast food restaurants/Chinese full service restaurants/Chinese fast food restaurants/mobile food carts/cafes/canteens or other restaurants during the last week. Information on the amount of food intake was collected through three '24 h recalls'. We described the eating out behaviors by types of restaurants they had gone to and comparing eating out eaters and non-eating out eaters for a set of nutritional indicators in order to explore the risk factors related to 'eating out' behaviors.

RESULTS'Eating out' was defined as individuals who consumed at least once in restaurants per week. In all the 1013 adults, 51.72% from urban and 39.14% from rural were defined as having 'eating out' experiences. Proportions of eating out in western fast food restaurants, Chinese full service restaurants, Chinese fast food restaurants, mobile food carts, cafes, canteens and other restaurants were 1.68%, 23.49%, 12.93%, 10.37%, 1.09%, 10.07% and 4.34%, respectively. Energy, Ca, Fe and Zn intake were substantially higher among eaters eating at Chinese full service restaurants than those who had not,Energy, protein, fibers, Ca and Zn intake were higher among canteens eaters than those who did not. Age, gender, education, income and residential areas were associated with eating out behaviors.

CONCLUSIONEating out is a significant nutritional issue among Chinese adults. Education related to nutrition should be taken into account to guide healthy food choices for adults who eat out.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Diet Surveys ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population

OBJECTIVETo explore the association between dietary cholesterol intake and hypercholesterolemia among Chinese adults.

METHODSIn 2009, 4 244 adults aged 25-65 years old who participated in both 2004 and 2009 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, and with complete biochemical and dietary data were selected. Hypercholesterolemia were defined as with total cholesterol ≥ 6.22 mmol/L, according to 2007 Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to investigate association between dietary cholesterol intake and hypercholesterolemia.

RESULTSThe average total cholesterol was 4.9 mmol/L, with prevalence of hypercholesterolemia as 9.6%, in 2009. During 2004 to 2009, dietary cholesterol showed a dramatical increase, with lower intake groups the most. Males who consumed middle or lower dietary cholesterol in 2004 and high intake in 2009 had significantly higher risk of having hypercholesterolemia. However, similar findings did not appear in females.

CONCLUSIONThe associations between dietary cholesterol intake and hypercholesterolemia were different among Chinese males and females. Dramatic increase of dietary cholesterol intake was related to higher risk of hypercholesterolemia in males.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution