Along with the society and economy development in China, life expectancy of Chinese increased substantially since 1990, chronic and non-communicable disease has became a serious disease effecting on health. In the process of transition of the health mode, it's a complicated challenge how to effectively reduce the burden of and improve the health of Chinese. Based on the results of the burden of disease study of Chinese, referring to the experience of other countries and combining with the practice in our country, we put forward some suggestions to solve the health problems in China, and we hope we can promote the development of the prevention and control of disease, and realize the health dream of Chinese.
China ; Chronic Disease ; Cost of Illness ; Health ; Humans ; Life Expectancy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the burden of infectious disease of the Chinese population in 1990 and 2010 and changing pattern in the past 20 years.

METHODSResults of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) were used to demonstrate the burden of infectious disease of the Chinese population in 1990 and 2010 and changing pattern from 1990 to 2010 by gender and age groups, including indicators of incidence, mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and their age-standardized rates using data of the 2010 National Census as a standard population.

RESULTSIn 1990 incidence, standardized incidence rate, mortality, standardized mortality rate, DALY, standardized DALY rate, YLL, standardized YLL rate, YLD, and standardized YLD rate of infectious disease in China were 3 067 469 200 cases, 242 669.34 cases/100 000, 824 300 cases, 72.27 cases/100 000, 58 937 700 person-years (PYRS), 3 992.85 PYRS/100 000, 46 504 100 PYRS, 2 932.99 PYRS/100 000, 12 433 600 PYRS, and 1 059.86 PYRS/100 000, respectively. All the aboved indicators were declined from 1990 to 2010, in 2010 they were 3 065 985 800 cases, 224 351.66 cases/100 000, 388 600 cases, 30.74 cases/100 000, 19 492 200 PYRS, 1 440.75 PYRS/100 000, 12 045 700 PYRS, 891.87 PYRS/100 000, 7 446 500 PYRS, and 548.89 PYRS/100 000, respectively. When 2010's indicators were compared to those in 1990, the rates of increase of incidence, incidence rate, mortality, mortality rate, DALY, DALY rate, YLL, YLL rate, YLD, and YLD rate were 56.84%, -9.85%, -33.07%, -61.54%, -27.68%, -58.42%, -32.46%, -61.17%, -16.75%, and -52.13% for 50-69 age group; for ≥ 70 age group, 57.90%, -5.86%, 7.41%, -36.12%, -5.00%, -43.51%, -5.14%, -43.59%, -4.52%, and -43.2%.

CONCLUSIONSThe burden of infectious disease of the Chinese population was declined from 1990 to 2010; however, the incidence of infectious disease was increased in ≥ 50 age groups.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Communicable Diseases ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Reference Standards

OBJECTIVETo analyze the features of distribution and variation trends of mortality of ischemic heart disease over the age of 35 years old in China, 2004-2011.

METHODSA total of 493 274 cases were recruited in the study, the mortality data of the ischemic heart diseases were collected from the national disease surveillance point (DSP) system between 2004 and 2011. The change of ischemic heart disease standardized mortality was described, and the annual change percentage of age group mortality and standardized mortality were analyzed using log linear regression method.

RESULTSIn 2004-2011, the standardized mortality of ischemic heart disease over the age of 35 showed an upward trend in each regions of China.In 2004, the ischemic heart disease standardized mortality over the age of 35 was 176.2/100 000 among males and 131.7/100 000 among females in urban areas, and the figures increased to 204.6/100 000 and 147.9/100 000 respectively in 2011.In 2004, the ischemic heart disease standardized mortality over the age of 35 was 164.4/100 000 among males and 122.2/100 000 among females in rural areas, and the figures increased to 236.8/100 000 and 151.5/100 000 respectively in 2011. The ischemic heart disease standardized mortality was lower in rural regions than in urban regions in 2004, but it changed to be higher in rural regions than in urban regions in 2011 both in males and female. The annual growth rate of ischemic heart disease mortality over the age of 35 was separately 5.00% in male and 3.65% in female. The annual growth rate was highest among males in rural areas (7.09%), followed by females in rural areas (5.06%). The growth rate was lowest among females in urban areas (1.69%).It was found that the increasing trends of ischemic heart disease mortality of males both in urban and rural areas, and females in rural areas was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe mortality of ischemic heart disease has still been showing an uprising trend, especially in the rural areas.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; China ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo analyze and compare burden of disease caused by malignant tumor in China, 1990 and 2010.

METHODSThe indicators including prevalence, death, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability adjusted of life years (DALY) of malignant tumor from the results of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 were used to calculate the standardized prevalence rate, mortality rate, YLL rate, YLD rate and DALY rate with the 2010 national census data. The research described the prevalence, death, and burden of disease caused by malignant tumor and analyze the trend of these indicators in 1990 and 2010 in China.

RESULTSIn China from 1990 to 2010, the standardized prevalence rate of malignant tumor increased from 529.76/100 000 to 749.57/100 000 (increased by 41.49%); the standardized mortality rate decreased from 196.57/100 000 to 169.88/100 000 (decreased by 13.58%); the standardized DALY rate decreased from 5 206.56/100 000 to 4 150.86/100 000. In 2010, the top five standardized DALY rate of malignant tumor were lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. Their standardized DALY rate were 892.21/100 000, 787.40/100 000, 521.36/100 000, 303.95/100 000, and 269.94/100 000, respectively. In all kind of malignant tumors, the burden of disease of lung cancer had the fastest-growing rate. The standardized mortality rate of lung cancer increased from 34.78/100 000 in 1990 to 41.09/100 000 in 2010; the standardized DALY rate increased from 830.77/100 000 in 1990 to 892.21/100 000 in 2010. The burden of disease of gastric cancer had the fastest-falling rate. The standardized mortality rate of gastric cancer decreased from 39.65/100 000 in 1990 to 23.79/100 000 in 2010; the standardized DALY rate decreased from 968.96/100 000 in 1990 to 521.36/100 000 in 2010.

CONCLUSIONThe burden of disease caused by malignant tumor in China remained at high levels in 2010. The top five burden of disease of malignant tumor were lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. The burden of disease of lung cancer had the fastest-growing rate and gastric cancer had the fastest-falling rate from 1990 to 2010 in China. Prevention and control of malignant tumor was still difficult.

China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Cost of Illness ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mortality ; Neoplasms ; Prevalence ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Stomach Neoplasms

OBJECTIVETo examine burden of disease (BOD) attributable to dietary risk factors, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity in China in 1990 and 2010.

METHODSThe results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2010(GBD 2010) for China were extracted to examine BOD attributable to the four behavioral risk factors in terms of current status, time trend, age patterns, and their diseasecomposition. Measurements for attributable BOD were years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY).

RESULTSIn 1990, for both genders combined, BOD attributable to dietary risk factors, tobacco smoking, and alcohol use were 37.28 (32.88-42.12), 28.32 (22.50-35.73), and 13.02 (10.50-15.74) million DALYs, respectively; for men, attributable BOD were 21.17 (18.26-24.48), 17.87 (13.59-23.74), and 10.23 (8.22-12.38) million DALYs, respectively, more than those in women (16.11 (13.90-19.32), 10.45 (727-15.69), and 2.79 (1.81-392) million DALYs, respectively). In 2010, BOD attributable to dietary risk factors, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity were 51.70 (46.07-56.65), 30.00 (23.43-35.92), 13.78 (10.89-16.88), and 11.44(9.49-13.68) million DALYs, respectively, all of which combined accounted for 33.7% of overall BOD; in male BOD attributable to these 4 risk factors were 32.91 (28.43-36.54), 22.71 (17.09-28.27), 11.62 (9.19-14.28), and 6.34 (5.09-7.74) million DALYs, respectively, higher than those in women (18.79 (16.31-20.92), 7.29 (4.47-9.73), 2.16 (1.25-3.10), and 5.10 (4.21-6.05) million, respectively). Compared with 1990, attributable BOD among men in 2010 had increased by 55.5% for dietary risk factors, 27.1% for tobacco smoking and 13.6% for alcohol use, whilst only had BOD attributable dietary risk factors increased (by 16.6%) among women, with decreasing trends in smoking (-30.2%) and alcohol use (-22.6%). Diet low in fruits accounted for the largest portion of 35.4% in total BOD attributable to all dietary risk factors, followed by diet high in sodium which accounted for 20.2%.

CONCLUSIONThe BOD attributable to the 4 behavioral risk factors was quite high in China, with significant increase in BOD of men.

Alcohol Drinking ; China ; Chronic Disease ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Risk Factors ; Smoking

OBJECTIVETo quantify the change on burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia in China from 1990 to 2010.

METHODSRelated data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010). Population attributable risk was adopted to estimate the burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia.

RESULTSThe death and burden of disease from hypercholesterolemia for Chinese residents increased from 98 000 and 2.237 million disability-adjusted of life years (DALY) in 1990 to 281 000 and 5.912 million DALY respectively. In 2010, 251 000 ischemic heart disease and 30 000 ischemic stroke deaths were caused by hypercholesterolemia, accounted for 3.4% (28.1/830.2) of the total deaths. In 2010, the DALY of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributed to hypercholesterolemia was 5.169 million and 0.743 million respectively. DALY was 3.356 million in male and 2.555 million in female. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) was 5.268 million, and years lived with disability (YLD) was 0.644 million.

CONCLUSIONHypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for deaths and life loss in 2010, and the burden of disease and death from hypercholesterolemia increased obviously from 1990 to 2010 in China.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Disabled Persons ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Male ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Risk Factors ; Stroke

OBJECTIVETo quantify the burden of disease related to high blood pressure in the Chinese population.

METHODSWe used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) in China. Data for mean systolic blood pressure, burden of deaths,Years of Life Lost(YLLs), Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and relative risk were corrected for regression dilution bias to calculate the population impact fractions and estimate the attributable deaths and DALYs.

RESULTSAmong all the deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and DALYs, 64.0% of them were caused by high blood pressure. In 2010, a total number of 2.043 million deaths were caused by high blood pressure, including 1.154 million males. 2.007 million deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases, 35 000 due to chronic kidney diseases. Deaths caused by high blood pressure accounted for 24.6% of all the deaths. In total, 37.94 million person-years DALYs were caused by high blood pressure, of which 23.33 million person-years were males and 14.61 million person-years were females. There were 2.365 million person-years of YLDs and 35.57 million person-years of YLLs, which both accounted for 12% of the total DALYs.

CONCLUSIONCompared to the global results of GBD 160, on either deaths or DALYs, the proportion attributable to high blood pressure were quite high for a country like China. The health effects caused by high blood pressure seemed to be quite serious which called for attention.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Chinese floating population aged 18-59.

METHODSData was from the Chinese Floating Population Chronic Disease Surveillance (2012). Of the 48 704 subjects aged 18-59 years old, information on frequency and duration of leisure activity was collected by face-to-face interview. Time spent on watching TV, reading, using computers or playing games after work was also calculated.

RESULTS19.4% (95%CI:19.0%-19.7%) of the subjects took part in moderate or vigorous intensity physical activities at least 10 minutes for three days per week, with percentage higher in males than in females and increasing among younger males (P < 0.01). Data showed that it was opposite among females (P < 0.01). Physical activities increased in those with higher education for both males and females (P < 0.01) and showed significant differences on occupations. Among those who engaged in different occupations, subjects working on social service and manufactory presented the top two highest percentages on often engaging in leisure time activities and they spent 4.9 (95%CI:4.8-4.9) hours daily on average in sedentary behavior decreasing along with aging but increasing with having received higher education.

CONCLUSIONThe percentage of taking part in moderate and vigorous activities among floating population was generally low. Prevention should target on floating population, especially on females, those with lower education or at older age.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Activity ; Sedentary Lifestyle ; Transients and Migrants ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult