OBJECTIVETo investigate the community-based management status of hypertensive patients aged 35 or over in China and provide basic data for evaluation by investigating the hypertensive patients managed in communities.

METHODSThe subjects in this study were recruited from the individuals of the 2010 China Non-communicable and Chronic Diseases. In September 2011, flow-up survey and a cross-section analysis has been done during the same people interviewed in 2010. Clustering sampling method was used to select 11 977 samples aged 35 or over and diagnosed by doctors from community level or above hospitals to be interviewed. A face to face questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on general demographic characteristics, the treatment and control of blood pressure and risk factors of the hypertensive patients of community management.Sample was weighted according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification to represent the population of Chinese hypertensive patients aged 35 or over and the rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the subgroups according to different characteristics. The Rao-scott χ(2) test was performed to test for the differences of the rates of the subgroups.

RESULTSIn the survey, there were 11 977 patients aged 35 or over diagnosed as hypertension by doctors, and among them, a total of 5120 hypertensive patients had been under management in communities. After being weighted the rate of management of hypertensive patients in communities was 43.99% (95%CI:38.17%-49.81%). There was a significant difference in the proportion of patients receiving management services when comparing different age groups (χ(2) = 21.98, P < 0.01) and sex (χ(2) = 4.18, P < 0.05), the rate of management among the patients aged 65 or over was 46.97% (95%CI:40.44%-53.50%), while among the patients aged 35 to 44 was only 37.72% (31.78%-43.65%). The rate of management was higher among females (45.37%, 95%CI:39.24%-51.50%) than males (42.50%, 95%CI:36.71%-48.30%). The overall rate of standardized management of hypertensive patients managed in communities was 35.30% (95%CI:31.78%-38.81%). The research also found differences in the proportions of patients receiving standardized management services when comparing different age groups (χ(2) = 28.66, P < 0.05), gender (χ(2) = 235.85, P < 0.01), and regions (χ(2) = 9.29, P < 0.05). The rate of receiving standardized management services among the patients aged 65 or over was 40.52% (95%CI:36.21%-44.82%), while among the patients aged 35 to 44 was only 26.18% (95%CI:20.07%-32.29%), the rate was lower among males (16.78%, 95%CI:14.13%-19.42%) than females(51.29%, 95%CI:46.41%-56.16%) , the rate of patients living in urban areas (38.53%, 95%CI:34.34%-42.72%) was higher than patients living in rural areas (33.36%, 95%CI:28.17%-38.55%) . The differences of the treatment rates of hypertensive patients managed in communities were found among different age groups (χ(2) = 26.39, P < 0.01), gender (χ(2) = 13.91, P < 0.01), and regions (χ(2) = 4.27, P < 0.05), the rate of treatment was 94.67% (93.41%-95.93%) among the patients aged 65 or over , while 86.47% (95%CI:81.05%-91.89%) among patients aged 35 to 44, the rate of treatment was higher among females (94.35%, 95%CI:93.15%-95.55%) than among males (90.84%, 95%CI:88.99%-92.70%), and it was also higher among patients living in urban regions (94.17%, 95%CI:92.62%-95.71%) than among patients living in rural regions (91.86%, 95%CI:90.20%-93.52%). The rate of control of hypertensive patients managed in communities was 33.13% (95%CI:29.50%-36.76%) and the rate was higher among the subjects living in the urban areas (45.09%, 95%CI:38.73%-51.45%) than in rural areas (25.96%, 95%CI:21.63%-30.30%) (χ(2) = 22.40, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONResults from our study showed that community management of hypertension had been popularized across the country. And it could significantly improve the program on the treatment and control of hypertension at the community level in China.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Community Health Services ; organization & administration ; Disease Management ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo analyze partner attitude change and influencing factors on HIV infected pregnant women HIV disclosure.

METHODA multi-stage cross sectional method was used to collect information by questionnaires on 1164 HIV infected pregnant women in 6 counties including Ruili and Longchuan in Yunnan, Hezhou, Lingshan and Pingxiang in Guangxi and Yining in Xinjiang. Information on demographic characteristics and sexual behavior of the subjects and partner attitude toward HIV infected pregnant women were obtained. The influencing factors of partner's discrimination against HIV infected pregnant women were analyzed.

RESULTA total of 991(85.1%) HIV infected pregnant women have disclosed HIV status to partners among 1164 respondents and 39 (3.9%) reported they were discriminated against partners. Multivariate analysis showed that the 6.5% (15/231) of HIV infected pregnant women in urban had discrimination from their husbands while the ratio among rural pregnant women was lower(3.2% (24/760), OR = 0.40, 95%CI:0.12-0.77) . Compared with the ratio of discrimination among the women of first marriage(2.9%, 21/731), the discrimination ratio among women with remarriage and other status was higher (6.5% (15/232),OR = 2.45, 95%CI:1.61-5.25 and 10.7% (3/28),OR = 3.77, 95%CI:1.46-9.88) respectively. The discrimination ratio among pregnant women with multiple sexual partners was 5.9% (23/389), higher than women with single partner (2.6%, 15/580) (OR = 2.21, 95%CI:1.80-6.23).

CONCLUSIONThe discrimination toward HIV infected pregnant women from husbands was related to demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Prejudice ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Spouses ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the current status and association between movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances in the elderly population of China.

METHODSA total of 42 353 subjects aged over 60 years old from Chinese Chronic Non-communicable Disease & Risk Factor Surveillance (2010) was selected in our study. The information on movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances was collected by standardized questionnaire interview. The prevalence and association of self-reported movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances was measured according to different gender, age groups and regions.

RESULTSThe study was conducted among 42 353 old adults, including 21 893 males (51.7%) and 20 460 females (48.3%); 17 917 from urban areas (42.3%) and 24 436 from rural areas (57.7%); and the proportion of elderly from eastern, central and western regions were 37.9% (16 031 subjects), 29.1% (12 345 subjects) and 33.0% (13 977 subjects) respectively. After weighted complex analysis, the data showed that among the elderly population over 60 years old in China, the self-reported rates of movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances were all age-related, rising up with the age increasing. The rates of 60-64 age group were 2.8% (95%CI:1.9%-3.7%), 3.6% (95%CI:3.1%-4.1%) and 12.4% (95%CI:11.0%-13.8%);and in ≥ 80 age group, the rates were 13.2% (95%CI:10.2%-16.1%), 8.8% (95%CI:7.1%-10.6%) and 19.1% (95%CI:16.3%-21.9%). The self-reported rate of movement disorders was 5.7% (95%CI: 4.5%-7.0%); the prevalence of constipation was 5.1% (95%CI: 4.4%-5.7%), which was higher among women (5.8%, 95%CI: 5.0%-6.6%) than it among men (4.3%, 95%CI: 3.7%-4.8%) (χ(2) = 23.40, P < 0.05), and higher among subjects from urban areas (6.0%, 95%CI: 5.1%-7.0%) than from rural areas (4.6%, 95%CI: 3.8%-5.4%) (χ(2) = 5.62, P < 0.05); the prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances was 14.2% (95%CI: 12.7%-15.8%), higher in women (17.4%, 95%CI: 15.4%-19.3%) than in men (11.0%, 95%CI: 9.7%-12.2%) (χ(2) = 172.05, P < 0.05); the prevalence of movement disorders in people with constipation (16.3%, 95%CI: 12.7%-19.9%) was much higher than it in people without constipation (5.2%, 95%CI: 4.0%-6.3%) (χ(2) = 242.73, P < 0.05); and the prevalence of movement disorders in people with sleep disturbances (13.0%, 95%CI: 10.6%-15.4%) was much higher than it in people without sleep disturbances (4.5%, 95%CI: 3.5%-5.5%) (χ(2) = 688.80, P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that constipation and sleep disturbances would increase the risk of movement disorders, with the OR (95%CI) at 2.93 (2.57-3.33) and 2.73 (2.48-3.02), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe present study showed that self-reported rates of movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances all rose up with age increasing in the elderly. The movement disorders was associated with constipation and sleep disturbances.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Constipation ; complications ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Movement Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Rural Population ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; complications ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors among Chinese adult population.

METHODS98 271 subjects aged 18 years or over were recruited from 162 surveillance points around 31 provinces in China's mainland in 2010, under a complex multistage stratified sampling method. The survey included face-to-face interview, physical measurement and laboratory testing, to collect information related to the prevalence of risk factors as smoking, drinking, diet and physical activities as well as the prevalence of main chronic disease as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. 24 kg/m(2)≤BMI<28 kg/m(2) was defined as overweight and BMI≥28 kg/m(2) was defined as obese. After a complex weighting on the sample, level and proportion of cardiovascular risk factors in groups of different BMI were analyzed.

RESULTSThe overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 30.6% (95%CI:29.5%-31.7%) and 12.0% (95%CI:11.0%-12.9%) and were significantly higher in men for overweight (χ(2) = 16.09, P < 0.001) and those aged 45-65 years old for both overweight and obesity (χ(2) values were 485.17 and 112.23 both P < 0.001), respectively. The levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting blood insulin (FBI) showed a significantly increase on BMI and were seen higher in overweight (F values were 4 056.19, 6 860.70, 3 898.91, 1 624.73, 2 337.21, 2 558.01, 1 049.01 and 1 665.52, with both Ps< 0.001)respectively and obese participants (F values were 5 628.68, 9 949.81, 5 508.77, 1 656.34, 2 452.05, 2 365.92, 1 441.72 and 6 081.27, respectively; all Ps<0.001). The prevalence rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and clustering of cardiovascular disease showed a significantly increase on BMI and were higher in overweight (χ(2) values were 704.70, 521.86, 431.35, 449.13 and 686.83, both Ps<0.001), and obese participants (χ(2) values were 113.45, 645.03, 1 063.30, 1 547.86 and 1 909.66, both Ps<0.001), respectively. After adjustment for age and gender, participants with 24 kg/m(2) ≤BMI<28 kg/m(2) and BMI≥28 kg/m(2) increased the risks of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and clustering of cardiovascular disease by 2.5/5.5, 2.2/3.4, 1.8/2.9, 2.9/8.2 and 3.3/8.9 times than participants with BMI<28 kg/m(2), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe risk of cardiovascular disease parallelly increased with BMI among Chinese adults. Rational control on BMI should be viewed as priority on chronic disease prevention and control.

OBJECTIVETo describe the intake of fruit and vegetables among employed migrant population aged 18 to 59 year-olds in China.

METHODSData from the Migrant Population Survey related to China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance that conducted in 170 counties/districts in 31 provinces, 2012, was used. Information on non-communicable diseases and related risk factors among migrant population were collected through face-to-face questionnaire interview, physical measurement and lab tests. A total of 48 704 subjects aged 18 to 59 years old were included in our study. Sample was standardized by age and sex. Information on average daily fruit and vegetables intake, prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake, grouped by sex, age, industries, and education level were analyzed.

RESULTSThe average daily intakes of vegetables and fruits were 353.7 (95%CI:351.3-356.2) g and 125.1 (95%CI:123.4-126.9) g respectively, among the employed migrant population aged 18-59 years old in China. Prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake was 44.1% (95% CI:43.5%-44.6% ) among employed migrant population, 46.2% (95% CI: 45.5%-47.0%)for males and 41.2% (95% CI:40.3%-42.0%)for females (χ(2) = 82.19, P < 0.05). Among different professions, the prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake was the highest among people working in accommodation and restaurants (46.2%, 95%CI:45.0%-47.3%) while the lowest seen among those working in social services (42.5%, 95%CI:41.4%-43.7%,χ(2) = 15.81, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake showed a decrease along with the increase of education levels (χ(2) = 22.29, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn 2012, more than 40% of the employed migrant population aged 18 to 59 years old in China had low fruit and vegetables intake. Being male and with low education level were risk factors linked with the higher prevalence of low fruit and vegetables intake.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Diet ; statistics & numerical data ; Employment ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants ; statistics & numerical data ; Vegetables ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the performance of national injury surveillance in China and provide evidence for the utilization and interpretation of surveillance data and the improvement of injury surveillance.

METHODSAccording to the national injury surveillance protocol, a retrospective analysis was conducted on the quality of injury surveillance carried out by the centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) at all levels in China from 2006 to 2012. And related human resource and budget data in 2012 were collected for analysis.

RESULTSFrom 2006 to 2012, the injury cases reported to national injury surveillance system increased by 1 time in China. The underreporting rate of injury cases and mis-filling rate of reporting cards decreased in 31 surveillance points (72.1%) and 23 surveillance points (53.5%) respectively. In 2012, the underreporting rates were less than 10% in 33 surveillance points (76.7%) , and the mis-filling rates were less than 10% in 39 surveillance points (90.7%) . Only 19 provincial CDCs (44.2%) and 32 county/district CDCs had full time staff engaged in injury surveillance. Three surveillance points (7.0%) never published their injury surveillance data, while 13 surveillance points shared injury surveillance data with other departments.

CONCLUSIONThe quality of injury surveillance was greatly improved in China during 2006-2012, but more efforts are still needed for the further improvement of national injury surveillance, including the increase of human resources and fund investments and more use of surveillance data.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the status and trend of injury burden in 1990 and 2010 for Chinese people.

METHODSWe used results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2010 (GBD 2010) to analyze the status of injury burden in China. The main outcome measurements included years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Moreover, the China Census in 2010 was used as the reference population to calculate the age-standardized rate with each five-year as an age group. We also calculate the percentage change from 1990 to 2010 and analyze the trend of injury burden in China for the past twenty years.

RESULTSIn 2010, a total of 796 240 people died of injury. The crude death rate of injury in China was 59.34/100 000 and the standardized death rate was 61.87/100 000; the YLL due to injury was 31.7593 million person years. The YLD due to injury was 9.0447 million person years and the DALY due to injury was 40.8040 million person years. In 2010, the top five causes of death related to injury were road traffic, injury, suicide, falls, drowning and poisoning. The death number for the five causes were 282 576, 172 964, 115 294, 67 402, and 36 997, respectively. The top five causes of DALY related to injury were road traffic injury, falls, suicide, drowning and poisoning and the DALY were 14.9623 million, 7.0583 million, 5.9699 million, 3.6634 million, and 1.6137 million person years. From 1990 to 2010, the burden attributable to road traffic injury increased quickly, the standardized death rate increased from 15.76/100 000 to 21.83/100 000, up 38.54%; the standardized DALY rate increased from 930.12/100 000 to 1142.19/100 000, up 22.80%. From 1990 to 2010, the burden attributable to suicide decreased, the standardized death rate decreased from 22.62/100 000 to 13.62/100 000, down 39.82%, and the standardized DALY rate decreased from 875.09/100 000 to 462.28/100 000, down 47.17%. The disease burden of injury topped at the group aged 20-24, followed by group aged 40-44 and group aged 35-39, the DALY for the three age groups were 4.2211 million,4.1655 million, and 4.0319 million person years, respectively.

CONCLUSIONInjury was the main disease for burden among Chinese population, especially among young adults. In recent years, the burden attributable to road traffic injury increased quickly. Targeted prevention and control measures for road traffic injury, falling, suicide and other key injury should be in place to reduce the burden of injury effectively.

Accidental Falls ; Accidents, Traffic ; Adult ; China ; Cost of Illness ; Drowning ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Poisoning ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Suicide ; Wounds and Injuries ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the characteristics of self-inflicted injury/suicide cases that were seen from the clinic or the emergency rooms, to provide basis for suicide prevention strategies development.

METHODSData from the National Injury Surveillance System, from 2006 to 2013 were used to analyze the trend of self-inflicted injury/suicide proportion in injuries as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of the cases with related basic and clinic information related to self-inflicted injury/suicide.

RESULTSThe proportion of self-inflicted injury/suicide cases decreased during the past 8 years. 58.6% of the self-inflicted injury/suicide cases were females in 2013 and 42.1% received junior secondary school education. Self-inflicted injury/suicide were mostly taken place at home (76.2% ). Poisoning (56.1% ) and sharp injury were the major ways causing self-inflicted injury or suicide.

CONCLUSIONInterventions on self-inflicted injury/suicide should be strengthened including control programs on pesticide/psychotropic drugs. Prevention on future attempts and suicide should include the full use during the in-hospital time of those suicide attempters.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicide ; statistics & numerical data ; Suicide, Attempted ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo understand the trend and current characteristics of children engaged in road traffic injury. Data was from the Nation Injury Surveillance System (NISS) and the results of the study would provide basis for corresponding intervention strategies and decision-making.

METHODSDescriptive analysis was applied to display the trend of child road traffic injury from 2006 and 2013 and also to depict the general information, injuries event and clinical characteristics of child road traffic injuries in 2013.

RESULTSThe number of child road traffic injuries increased from 2006 to 2013 and ranking the second cause of child unintentional injuries during these years. However, the proportion of child road traffic injuries among child unintentional injuries decreased in the same period. In 2013, sex ratio appeared as 1.82, with 17- year-old age group accounting for 10.86% . Injuries caused by motor traffic vehicles accounted for 66.44% , with July/August, weekends and 17-18 PM as the peak period or time. Transportation related injuries accounted for 65.42% , with 73.53% as bruise. 33.81% of the injury involved in the head but 76.42% of injuries were minor, while 74.86% went home after the treatment.

CONCLUSIONChild road traffic injury should not be ignored. Age and sex differences should be taken into account when carrying out education programs on child road traffic safety. Male students at senior high school or preschool were target groups when carrying out child road traffic injury intervention programs.

Accidents, Traffic ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Schools ; Sex Characteristics ; Students ; Transportation ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology ; prevention & control