OBJECTIVETo evaluate the corresponding influence on pulmonary embolism incidence between immobilization and exercise in different stage of thrombus after acute deep vein thrombosis in rabbits.

METHODSForty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups depending on the different organized stage of thrombus: the early, medium and later stage group.Each group was subdivided into two sub groups: the immobile and mobile subgroup. Rabbit modeling of deep vein thrombosis was made by ligating the right femoral vein. Among the early-stage group, rabbits of the immobile subgroup were fixed for 3 days, while that of the mobile subgroup were free to move for 3 days, then each was euthanized to extract the lungs for pathological examination. Among the medium-stage group, each of the immobile subgroup were fixed for 7 days, while the mobile subgroup ones were fixed for 3 days, then released free-moving for 4 days following the pathological extraction. Among the later-stage group, animals in the immobile subgroup were fixed for 14 days comparing the mobile subgroup fixed for 7 days and next free-moving for 7 days, then each was euthanized.

RESULTSAmong the early-stage group, pulmonary embolism incidence (PEI) of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 4/8 vs.3/8, the pulmonary lobe embolism incidence (PLEI) was 17.5% (7/40) vs. 15.0% (6/40). Among the medium-stage group, PEI of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 3/8 vs. 2/8, PLEI was 37.5% (7/40) vs. 25.0% (10/40). Among the later-stage group, PEI of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 3/8 vs. 3/8, PLEI was 12.5% (5/40) vs. 15.0% (6/40). There was no statistical difference between immobilization subgroup and mobilization subgroup among different stage group.

CONCLUSIONOn the premise of given anticoagulation treatment, early ambulation do not significantly increase pulmonary embolism incidence after acute deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity in rabbits.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Immobilization ; Lung ; pathology ; Motor Activity ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; Rabbits ; Time Factors ; Venous Thrombosis ; complications

OBJECTIVETo identify the risk factors associated with the severity of pulmonary embolism among patients with deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities.

METHODSThis prospective study enrolled 208 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis to screen for pulmonary embolism between July 2010 and July 2012 in Beijing Shijitan Hospital. There were 101 male and 107 female patients, with a mean age of (59 ± 16) years. Gender, age, extension, side of lower extremities of deep venous thrombosis was analyzed by χ² test. Ordinal Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors associated with severity of pulmonary embolism.

RESULTSThere were 83 patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis, 102 patients with femoropopliteal and 23 patients with calf deep venous thrombosis. Pulmonary embolism was detected in 70 patients with the incidence of 33.7%. Pulmonary embolism was significantly correlated with extension (χ² = 17.286, P = 0.004) and sides (χ² = 15.602, P = 0.008) of deep venous thrombosis, not with age (χ² = 7.099, P = 0.260), gender (χ² = 7.014, P = 0.067), thrombotic risk factors (χ² = 3.335, P = 0.345) in univariate analysis. Results of multivariate ordinal logistic regression showed that iliofemoral vein thrombosis (OR = 6.172, 95% CI: 1.590 to 23.975, P = 0.009) and bilateral venous thrombosis (OR = 7.140, 95% CI: 2.406 to 24.730, P = 0.001) are associated with more serious pulmonary embolism.

CONCLUSIONSIncidence of pulmonary embolism is still high in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Extensive iliofemoral and bilateral vein thrombosis may increase risk of severity of pulmonary embolism. Clinicians should pay more attention to these high-risk patients.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Lower Extremity ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Embolism ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Risk Factors ; Veins ; pathology ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnosis ; pathology