PURPOSE: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death among women. In Asian countries such as Iran, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing. The present study aimed to assess the risk factors for breast cancer of women in Tabriz, Iran. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was undertaken to identify breast cancer risk factors. The study consisted of 140 cases confirmed via histopathological analysis and 280 group-matched controls without any malignancy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods via the SPSS software version 18. RESULTS: In a multivariate analysis, educational level (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11-10.83), menopausal status (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.41-4.59), a high-fat diet (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.51-5.04), abortion (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.20-3.79), passive smoking (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.51-5.04), oral contraceptive use (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.80-5.59), stress (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.74-5.36), and migration (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.39-6.90) were factors associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. Breastfeeding (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.97) and a diet containing sufficient fruit and vegetables (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.12-0.39) had protective roles against breast cancer. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the risk factors for breast cancer among women in the Tabriz area of Iran are related to the lifestyle. Therefore, the provision of education to change unhealthy lifestyle choices and periodic check-ups for early breast cancer detection are recommended.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat ; Education ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iran* ; Life Style ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine factors associated with caregiver burden among primary caregivers of women with breast cancer in Iran. METHODS: This was a descriptive correlation study conducted in 2012 on 150 main caregivers of patients with breast cancer who came to the oncology clinic of Shahid Ghazi hospital in Tabriz, Iran. A questionnaire which included caregiving-related factors and the Zarit Burden Interview was used for data collection after its validity and reliability were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software with descriptive and analytic statistics. The association between significant variables and the dependent variable with an observation of the effects of other variables was assessed using the multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: The mean age of caregivers was 39.60 ± 13.80 years old, and 77 (51.3%) of them were men. The mean score of the Zarit Burden Interview was 30.55 ± 19.18. In the regression model, the mean score of activities of daily living, level of education, gender, and financial status were identified as the determining factors of the burden of caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Primary caregivers need to be financially supported by the relevant organizations. Care skills training and providing palliative care seem helpful in reducing the pain and the burden of family caregivers for patients with breast cancer.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/*psychology ; Caregivers/*psychology ; *Cost of Illness ; Family/psychology ; Female ; Health Status ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; Marital Status ; Middle Aged ; Socioeconomic Factors

Introduction: Motivation is important as one of the major factors for incidence of behaviour in all behaviours such as learning, performance, perception, accuracy, recall, forgetting, thinking, creativity and emotions. The interaction of trainers and nursing students plays a significant role in clinical education and achieving educational objectives. Aim: Considering the wide role of nursing trainers in students leaning clinical experience and their motivation, and based on qualitative studies done so far, the present research was performed to investigate the relationship between educational behaviours of clinical trainers and motivation toward science learning among nursing students. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 200 nursing students, third-eighth semester, at a nursing faculty from 1 January to 30 July 2019 at Zanjan university of medical sciences, Iran. The students were included though census. Confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of Pvalue less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Conclusion The mean age of the students was 22 years. This study showed that the level of educational behaviours of clinical trainers had a direct correlation with the score of learning motivation subscale of students. It also had a direct significant correlation with the total score motivation toward science learning (p=0.01). The behaviours of clinical trainers and understanding of nursing students about the characteristics of trainers are important in creating motivation, facilitating learning, and improving nursing education.