Double elevator palsy(DEP) is characterized by monocular limitation of upgaze in both abducted and adducted position. It is often associated with hypotropia, blepharoptosis, and pseudoblepharoptosis of the affected eye. The authors experienced a case of primary inferior rectus restrictive type of DEP, which has showed hypotropia of 40 prism diopters, and blepharoptosis on the right eye. Examinations revealed poor Bell's phenomenon, and forced duction test showed the limitation of elevation on the right eye. Surgery was performed with 6mm recession of the right inferior rectus. Postoperatively the elevation of glove was satisfactory, Bell's phenomenon was improved and primary position was also orthophoric. Correction of blepharoptosis with frontalis slinging could safely performed in the presence of adequate Bell's phenomenon after the inferior rectus recession.
Blepharoptosis* ; Elevators and Escalators* ; Paralysis*

Double elevator palsy (DEP) is an unusual anomaly of ocular motility in which both elevator muscles of the same eye are weak with a resultant inability or reduced ability to elevate the eye and hypotropia. This anomaly is occured congenitally, but occasionally occured as an acquired form. Congenital DEP, which is main cause of the monocular elevation paralysis, is characterized by the progressive deterioration and the absence of diplopia. The etiology is obscure, but is thought to be supranuclear lesion. We observed DEP of the same side of eyes in two patients who were brothers. The limitation of elevation and hypotropia were improved after Knapp's transposition procedure or Jensen's procedure.
Diplopia ; Elevators and Escalators* ; Humans ; Muscles ; Paralysis* ; Siblings*

Double elevator palsy(DEP) is rare paralytic anomaly of ocular motility due to monocular paresis of both elevator muscles. Clinically, DEP is classified into the pure paralytic, restricted and mixed types. The authors describe the clinical experiences of 2 cases of purely paralytic type of DEP and 2 cases of restricted type of DEP treated at Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan Pail, Hospital, Inje Medical College from January 1988 to January 1991. The results were as follows: 1) In the pure paralytic type of DEP, the hypotropia was below 30 prism diopters in the primary position and in the restricted type, greater than 60 prism diopters preoperatively. 2) Preoperatively, the pseudoptosis was shown in 2 cases of purely paralytic type of DEP and it was disappeared postoperatively. The Bell's phenomenon was shown the negative result in 2 cases of restricted type of DEP. 3) For the pure paralytic type, the both vertical and horizontal deviation were corrected completely in primary position by the transposition and recession of the horizontal rectus muscles at one surgery and the limitation of ocular motility remained more and less in the elevation postoperatively but no limitation in the adduction and abduction. For the restricted type, the tenectomy of the inferior rectus muscle corrected about 40 prism diopters of hypotropia without the limitation of the infraduction.
Busan ; Elevators and Escalators* ; Muscles ; Ophthalmology ; Paralysis* ; Paresis

Although a patient with lost inferior rectus (IR) muscle woud be done infratransposition of the horizontal recti to control hypertropia, this procedure only could control ocular deviation at primary position, but could't improve the limitation of the downgaze markedly and could cause limitation of abduction and adduction. Authors tried to correct lost IR with anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle(IO) with marginal myectomy in the theoretical base that the anterior transposition of the IO can convert IO a depressor from an elevator. A 66 year-old female patient received trauma on her left IR muscle by sickle, then primary deviation of left eye was hypertropia of 50 prism diopters, exotropia of 35 prism diopters and secondary deviation was hypertropia 60 prism diopters, exotropia of 40 prism diopters and the degree of limitation of infraduction was -4. We performed anterior transposition of the IO with marginal myecctomy of 6.0 mm and lateral rectus (LR) 6.0 mm recession and medial rectus (MR) 4.5 mm resection of the left eye. The postoperative ocular alignment at primary position was exotropia of 10 prism diopters and degree of limitation of infraduction was -2 and limitation of supraduction was -2. The anterior transposition of IO with marginal myectomy was simple and effective in correcting the hypertropia and ocular motility in a case of lost IR.
Aged ; Elevators and Escalators ; Exotropia ; Female ; Humans ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: It is relatively unusual that infraorbital rim fracture is accompanied by nasal bone fracture. In order to correct effectively, subciliary approach and intranasal manipulation are applied simultaneously. But if reduction is not successful, intranasal manipulation may become aggressive and this often causes complications. We introduce a method using intermaxillary fixation screws for decreasing such complications and effective reduction of fracture. METHODS: Total seven patients with fracture of frontal process of maxilla were treated with this method. The fracture site was exposed through the subciliary approach, and one or two screws were inserted into the displaced fracture fragment. During the traction of the screws using the wire, the fracture fragment was pushed upward from the intranasal side using an elevator supplementarily and fixed with a plate and the screws. RESULTS: In all patients, the fracture fragment was reduced successfully and no complication occurred during one year's postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSION: When reduction cannot be attained through a bone hook or an elevator alone, reduction of fracture fragment can be done easily using intermaxillary fixation screws. This method is less likely to cause a mucosal injury because intranasal manipulation is not aggressive. Furthermore, as the screw can be inserted and removed easily, this method is considered effective not only for fracture of frontal process of maxilla but also for fractures in other regions.
Elevators and Escalators ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Maxillary Fractures ; Nasal Bone ; Traction

We built a mathematical model of the eye based on the method of Robinson and improved it. It was programmed with C language. With this model several types of paralytic strabismus including superior oblique paralysis, oculomotor nerve paralysis and double elevator paralysis were simulated. Then we performed various surgical procedures such as recession, resection of horizontal recti, transposition, myectomy. Scott's procedure on these simulated squints and analyzed the results. We tried to show the usefulness and limitation of simulation.
Elevators and Escalators ; Models, Theoretical* ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Paralysis ; Strabismus*

We built a mathematical model of the eye based on the method of Robinson and improved it. It was programmed with C language. With this model several types of paralytic strabismus including superior oblique paralysis, oculomotor nerve paralysis and double elevator paralysis were simulated. Then we performed various surgical procedures such as recession, resection of horizontal recti, transposition, myectomy. Scott's procedure on these simulated squints and analyzed the results. We tried to show the usefulness and limitation of simulation.
Elevators and Escalators ; Models, Theoretical* ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Paralysis ; Strabismus*

Double elevator paralysis is a syndrome in which the superior rectus and the inferior oblique muscle of the same eye are paralyzed. The authors have experienced a case of double elevator paralysis with 35 prism diopters hypotropia and 20 prism diopters exotropia on the right eye. The patient was 19 years old female who visited our hospital because of poor cosmetic appearance. Knapp procedure was performed primarily to correct hypotropia, but 20 prism diopters hypotropia remained. 5 months later, a second operation was performed consisted of 7.5 mm recession of the left lateral rectus and 5mm recession of the right inferior rectus in order to correct the exotropia and residual hypotropia. After the second operation, ocular position in primary position was nearly orthophoric and upward movement of the right eye was considerably improved.
Elevators and Escalators* ; Exotropia ; Female ; Humans ; Paralysis* ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To report the effectiveness of adding distal fibular external rotation stress test on the traditional lateral stress Cotton test in evaluating distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated syndesmotic injuries with intraoperative stress test during treating ankle fractures from March 2009 to September 2010. External rotation of distal fibula using small elevator was added on traditional stress test in case of suspicious syndesmotic injury. We retrospectively reviewed and compared the results of each test in 44 cases for which we tried both tests. RESULTS: In 9 cases of positive traditional lateral stress tests, positive results were obtained in all cases by additional external rotation tests. In 21 cases of negative traditional stress tests, additional stress tests results were also negative. But there were 10 cases of positive additional tests and 4 of negative additional tests in equivocal results cases by the traditional stress tests. CONCLUSION: Using additional external rotation stress test in case of equivocal test result by the traditional lateral stress Cotton test for evaluation of syndesmotic injury during operation for ankle fracture can be a supplemental method to clarify syndesmotic injury needs fixation.
Animals ; Ankle ; Elevators and Escalators ; Exercise Test ; Fibula ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the vertical evacuation interval, the required time for an ambulance to be dispatched after contact from a patient, increases with the number of stories above ground of a patient requesting evacuation from a high-rise building. METHODS: The rescue diary of a 119 ambulance team dispatched to Jae-Song-Dong, Busan was retrospectively reviewed for 9 months for the period from April 1 to December 31, 2006. A total of 422 cases were included as subjects in the study. Median values of the vertical evacuation intervals collected from four building story groups were evaluated and the changing trend of the vertical evacuation intervals was analyzed. RESULTS: Amang all cases, the median value of the vertical evacuation intervals and the inter-quartile range were 5.0+/-5.0 minutes. A comparison of the vertical evacuation intervals by the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed statistically significant differences between the four different story groups (p<0.001). An increase in building story number was shown to affect the vertical evacuation interval. The y-intercept was found to be 4.885, the regression coefficient was 0.133 (p<0.001), and the r-square value was 0.181. A similar result was found for patients having emergency symptoms. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that there is an increase in vertical evacuation intervals depending upon the number of stories above ground of a patients requesting emergency medical service in high-rise buildings.
Ambulances ; Elevators and Escalators ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies