The epidemiological surveys and inquest of retrospective data were conducted from 2002 to 2003 in Thua Thien – Hue, results showed that there were 4 patients with chronic complications of lymphatic filariasis in Hue city, Huong Tram district and Nam Dong district. Then the surveys were carried out in 7 communes with 2003 blood firms were taken and examined for microfilariae from November 2002 to April 2003. No positive slide has been found so far
Elephantiasis, Filarial ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Disease

In this survey, night blood firms were taken from 2,389 people in 2 communes of Lam Dong province: Tien Hoang (Cat Tien district) and Da Don ( Lam Ha district); and 2 communes of Dak Lak province: Eatrang (M’drak district) and Krongana (Buon Don district). No microlymphrea has been found. An entomological survey was also conducted in 4 same communes, showed that Culex quinquefasciantus and Culex vishnui occupied a high proportions among the collected mosquitoes. LF wasn’t found in the dissection of 461 mosquitoes
Elephantiasis, Filarial ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Disease ; epidemiology

An epidemiological survey for lymphatic filariasis was conducted in Nov.2001 in 4 communes of GiaLai and KonTum provinces. Blood was taken at night for detecting filarium,and mosquitoes were caugh for surveying entomologically.No microfilarium was detected in blood but a high rate of Culex quinquefasciatus,Culex vishnui, Culex puscocephalia was found. Dissection performed on 681 invidual mosquitoes did not show micofilarium
Elephantiasis, Filarial ; epidemiology ; diagnosis ; blood ; mosquitoes ;

In mid-1987 a baseline microfilarial prevalence survey was conducted among five villages in the Mt Bosavi region of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. Through use of the Nucleopore filtration technique, it was determined that 48% of villagers had detectable microfilaraemia. The highest prevalence was documented in Fogomaiyu, where the microfilaraemia rate was 92%. On the basis of this initial survey and the expressed interest of the community, the Division of Health in the Southern Highlands Province undertook an integrated community-based pilot control program. The project used two principal control methods: (a) drug treatment with low-dose diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) distributed to the community weekly and (b) vector control with permethrin-impregnated bednets. Results six months after the intervention indicate that the program was successful in reducing microfilaraemia at Fogomaiyu village from 92% to 6%. The reduction is principally related to the effects of DEC, although the bednets, by limiting vector-person contact, are expected to reduce the incidence of both filariasis and malaria.
Adolescent ; Altitude ; Bedding and Linens ; Community Participation ; Elephantiasis, Filarial - epidemiology

Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (ENV) is a rare clinical condition associated with chronic non-filarial lymphedema caused by bacterial or non-infectious lymphatic obstruction. A variety of etiologies, including infection, tumor obstruction, trauma, radiation, chronic venous stasis, congestive heart failure, and obesity, can lead to chronic lymphatic obstruction and edema. Mossy papules, plaques, and cobblestone-like nodules are clinically impressive features of ENV, but biopsy reveals only moderately abnormal findings such as pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, dilated lymphatic spaces, fibrous tissue hyperplasia, and chronic inflammation. We present a case of ENV in a 67-year-old man with a 10-year history of multiple nodules and verrucous plaques on both feet. Microbiology ruled out a filarial infection. Nodule biopsy revealed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, marked dermal fibrosis, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. No evidence of carcinoma was identified. Both venous stasis and recurrent cellulitis could contribute to the dermal fibrotic changes of the lesions. However, before the recurrent cellulitis, he did not have any nodular lesions on his feet despite a 10-year history of venous disease. Therefore, this case suggests that venous stasis alone cannot produce the fibrotic nodular lesions of ENV
Aged ; Biopsy ; Cellulitis ; Edema ; Elephantiasis ; Fibrosis ; Foot ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Inflammation ; Non-Filarial Lymphedema ; Obesity

Indonesia and South Korea have become inseparable in various respects since the 2 countries established diplomatic relation in 1973. Indonesia is a tropical region that stretches across the equator, comprised of 5 main islands (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua) and 4 archipelagoes (Riau, Bangka Belitung, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku). As most population of Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Papua and Nusa Tenggara & Maluku) live in poor areas, it is expected that there will be many parasites. Nevertheless, little is known about the status of parasites in Indonesia. This study examines the prevalences of malaria and lymphatic filaria, which are prevalent in Indonesia, as well as those of soil-transmitted-helminths (STH). As a result, the Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax case loads are almost equal. The current prevalence of P. vivax is uniformly low (<5%) in all age groups and annual parasite incidence (API) showed decreasing tendency as 0.84 per 1,000 population in 2016. However, more than 65 million people still live in malaria epidemic regions. Lymphatic filariasis remains an important public health problem and 236 cities were classified as endemic areas in 514 cities/districts in 2017. It is difficult to ascertain the current prevalence rate of STH in Indonesia, although West Sumba and Southwest Sumba in East Nusa Tenggara reported prevalence rate of more than 20%. The study also considers the (sero) prevalences of other parasites identified in Indonesia. This report should be useful not only to parasitologists but also to travelers and people with business in Indonesia.
Commerce ; Diplomacy ; Elephantiasis, Filarial ; Humans ; Incidence ; Indonesia ; Islands ; Korea ; Malaria ; Parasites ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Prevalence ; Public Health

OBJECTIVE: Elimination eforts for lymphatic flariasis are underway in the Philippines using mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole as one of the main strategies. This cost analysis was done to determine the MDA implementation cost and provide useful information to the control programme on how to best utilize limited resources.

METHODS: This cost analysis study was conducted in the province of Sorsogon, Philippines in 2004. The study was done from a program perspective. Cost data for 2003 was obtained retrospectively via key informant interviews and records review using a standardized guide from a multi-country cost analysis study of flariasis elimination programs. Cost fgures were classifed as either economic or fnancial costs and expressed in real terms using 2002 as base year. Sensitivity analysis was likewise performed.

RESULTS: The total economic cost and cost per person treated with MDA were estimated at US$223,549.55 (Php12,116,385.48) and US$0.40, respectively. The fnancial costs were less than half of the economic costs. The main cost driver was drug distribution. The highest economic and fnancial costs were incurred at the national (54.5%) and municipal (74.4%) levels, respectively. High variation in costs of MDA activities was observed.

CONCLUSION: This cost analysis provides reasonable estimates which may be used to assist government and other stakeholders in program planning and resource generation for flariasis elimination programs in endemic areas.

Lymphatic filariasis due to Brugia malayi infection was endemic in several areas of South Korea. The infection was controlled, or disappeared, in most areas, with the exception of the remote southwestern islands of Jeonranam-do, including the Heugsan Islands. To discover its current situation, a small-scale survey was performed on the Heugsan Islands in September 2000. A total of 378 people, 151 male and 227 female, living in 8 villages (6 on Daeheugsan-do, 1 on Daejang-do, and 1 on Yeongsan-do) were subjected to a night blood survey for microfilaremia, and physical examination for elephantiasis on the extremities. There were 6 (1.6%) microfilaria positive cases, all in females aged 57-72 years, and from only two villages of the Daeheugsan-do area. There were 4 patients with lower leg elephantiasis, but they showed no microfilaremia. The results show that a low-grade endemicity of filariasis remains on the Daeheugsan-do.
Aged ; Animals ; Brugia malayi/*isolation & purification ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/*epidemiology ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence

We evaluated the activity of methanolic extracts of Melaleuca cajuputi flowers against the filarial worm Brugia pahangi and its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. Anti-Wolbachia activity was measured in worms and in Aedes albopictus Aa23 cells by PCR, electron microscopy, and other biological assays. In particular, microfilarial release, worm motility, and viability were determined. M. cajuputi flower extracts were found to significantly reduce Wolbachia endosymbionts in Aa23 cells, Wolbachia surface protein, and microfilarial release, as well as the viability and motility of adult worms. Anti-Wolbachia activity was further confirmed by observation of degraded and phagocytized Wolbachia in worms treated with the flower extracts. The data provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that M. cajuputi flower extracts inhibit Wolbachia, an activity that may be exploited as an alternative strategy to treat human lymphatic filariasis.
Adult ; Aedes ; Biological Assay ; Brugia pahangi ; Elephantiasis, Filarial ; Flowers* ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Melaleuca* ; Methanol* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Wolbachia

Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa is an uncommon disorder that is characterized by dermal fibrosis, hyperkeratotic verrucous and papillomatous lesions and this is all caused by chronic non-filarial lymphedema secondary to infections, surgeries, tumor obstructions, radiations, congestive heart failure and obesity. We report here on a case of elephantiasis nostras verrucosa that occurred on the left lower leg of a 54-year-old woman who had a past history of extensive skin grafts and recurrent infection.
Elephantiasis ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Leg ; Middle Aged ; Non-Filarial Lymphedema ; Obesity ; Skin ; Skin Transplantation ; Transplants