OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanisms of Yinxing Pingchan recipe (YXPC) and its components, i.e. the components for detoxicating (A), for calming liver (B) and for dissolving blood stasis(C), in preventing and treating Parkinson's disease, and the path of its inhibition on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron (DAn) apoptosis in model mice of Parkinson's disease.

METHODSMale C57BL/6J mice were divided into the normal group, the model group and four Chinese medicinal groups, that is, the YXPC group, and Group A, B and C, treated with YXPC and its components A, B and C respectively. Mouse model of Parkinson's disease was established by intraperitoneal injection with 1-methl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP). All mice were sacrificed in 2 batches at the 14th and the 28th day respectively. The activity of mitochondrial enzyme complex I, II and IV (MEC I, II and IV) in the brain of mice were measured, respectively.

RESULTSAs compared with the normal group, the activity of MEC I and IV in brain was significantly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and that of MEC II had no obvious change in the model group. As compared with the model group, the activity of MEC I was significantly higher in YXPC group and Group C at the 14th day (P < 0.05), while the activity of MECII in Group A at the 14th day, Group B at the 28th day and Group C at both 14th and 28th day was significantly lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Activity of MEC IV in the four Chinese medicinal groups at the 14th day all significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and retained at high level in Group B and Group C at the 28th day (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONYXPC and its components can maintain the mitochondrial function by partial inhibiting the activity of its enzyme complex, preventing DAn apoptosis to slow down the progress of Parkinson's disease.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; Animals ; Brain ; enzymology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Electron Transport Complex I ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex II ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex III ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria ; enzymology ; Parkinson Disease ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; etiology ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical and enzymological characteristics of the children with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III deficiency.

METHODThe clinical manifestations of five patients (3 males, 2 females) were summarized. Spectrophotometric assay was used for the analysis of respiratory chain complex I to V enzyme activity in peripheral blood leukocytes, after obtaining venous blood.

RESULT(1) Five patients were hospitalized at the age of 1 month to 15 years. Three patients had Leigh syndrome with progressive motor developmental delay or regression and weakness. One had severe liver damage and intrahepatic cholestasis. One presented muscle weakness. (2) Deficient complex I + III activity was identified in five patients. Their complex I + III activities in peripheral blood leukocytes were 3.0 to 14.2 nmol/min per mg mitochondrial protein (control: 84.4 ± 28.5 nmol/min per mg mitochondrial protein). The ratio of complex I + III to citrate synthase decreased to 3.5 to 22.9% (normal control 66.1 ± 14.7%). The activities of complex III decreased to 10.4 to 49.3% of the lowest control value, while complex I, II, IV and V activities were normal. The results supported the diagnosis of isolated respiratory chain complex III deficiency.

CONCLUSIONComplex III deficiency is a kind of disorder of energy metabolism with various manifestations. The complex I + III activities and the ratio of complex I + III to citrate synthase were lower than those of the control. The activities of complex I, II, IV and V were normal.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electron Transport Complex I ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex II ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex III ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Leigh Disease ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; enzymology ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; physiopathology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: G protein-coupled receptors were considered to be the only natural substrates of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). However, it was recently demonstrated that GRKs can also bind to other signal molecules. The purpose of this study was to investigate new molecules that might interact with the GRK5 using a yeast two-hybrid system to screen the cDNA library. MATERIALS AND MEDTHODS: For the yeast two-hybrid system, the "bait" was constructed to generate a LexA-GRK5 fusion protein in the EGY48 yeast strain. Rat library cDNA was inserted into the "prey". The first step in the library screening was performed by a galactose dependent leucine orthotrophism. For the second step screening, a beta-galactosidase dependent discoloration of colonies was used. Sequencing and searching of the gene bank was undertaken to characterize the clones. RESULTS: We screened a total of 1.3X10 6 clones from the cDNA library. On the first screening, 162 clones were identified by leucine orhotrophism. Another 54 clones were identified on the second screening by beta-galactosidase activation. Seven clones were selected by PCR and restriction patterns. Sequencing of seven molecules revealed that four of the clones were emerin fragments, with 2 of the remaining 3 clones being: an ID2 protein and a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, with the last one remaining an unknown molecule. For the emerin fragments, their interactions with the GRK5 were confirmed by immunoprecipitation. CONCLUSION: We describe the novel protein-protein interactions of the GRK5, specifically, with three molecules. At first, these proteins may modulate the activation of the GRK5 through this specific protein-protein interaction desensitizing the beta-adrenergic receptors. Conversely, the localization of these molecules inside the cell indicates a potential new physiological role for the GRK5.
Animals ; beta-Galactosidase ; Clone Cells ; DNA, Complementary ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Galactose ; Gene Library ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Heart ; Immunoprecipitation ; Leucine ; Mass Screening ; Phosphotransferases* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques* ; Yeasts*

OBJECTIVETo clone and express Cox7a2, one mitochondrial respiratory chain related gene, and to identify its recombinant protein.

METHODSThe coding region of Cox7a2 was amplified from primary cultured mouse Leydig cells by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned into pGEX4T-1 vector by BamH I and EcoR I sites, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The recombinant fusion protein vector was transformed and expressed into BL21. The recombinant fusion protein was identified by Western blotting.

RESULTSThe entire coding region of Cox7a2 was cloned and expressed. The fusion protein was identified by anti-GST monoclonal antibody using Western blotting.

CONCLUSIONThe cloning of Cox7a2 and the expression of the recombinant protein would help to study the detailed function of Cox7a2, one respiratory chain related and highly differently expressed gene in the tissues of aging testes.

Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Genetic Vectors ; Leydig Cells ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Electron Transport Complex IV ; analysis ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Myopathies ; enzymology ; Staining and Labeling ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; analysis

Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous mitochondrial disorder with variable clinical symptoms. Here, from the sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome, we report a Korean MELAS family harboring two homoplasmic missense mutations, which were reported 9957T>C (Phe251Leu) transition mutation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (COX3) gene and a novel 13849A>C (Asn505His) transversion mutation in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene. Neither of these mutations was found in 205 normal controls. Both mutations were identified from the proband and his mother, but not his father. The patients showed cataract symptom in addition to MELAS phenotype. We believe that the 9957T>C mutation is pathogenic, however, the 13849A>C mutation is of unclear significance. It is likely that the 13849A>C mutation might function as the secondary mutation which increase the expressivity of overlapping phenotypes of MELAS and cataract. This study also demonstrates the importance of full sequencing of mtDNA for the molecular genetic understanding of mitochondrial disorders.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex I/*genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; MELAS Syndrome/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; *Mutation, Missense ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Electron Transport ; Electron Transport Complex III ; deficiency ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate variations of mtDNA in mouse tumors and to explore the relationship between mtDNA mutations and murine carcinogenesis.

METHODSVariations of D-loop, ND3 and tRNAIle + Glu + Met gene fragments of mtDNA from six mouse tumor cell lines were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP techniques.

RESULTSND3 and tRNAIle + Glu + Met gene fragments of mtDNA from the tumors showed no variations at 27 endonuclease sites. The D-loop of mtDNA from Hca-F demonstrated an additional endonuclease site of Hinf I in contrast to the inbred mouse. Upon PCR-SSCP analysis, the D-loop of mtDNA was found to possess mutations in 4 of 6 tumors.

CONCLUSIOND-loop appears to be the hot spot for tumor mtDNA mutations, which may contribute to the carcinogenesis of murine tumors.

Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; DNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; Electron Transport Complex I ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Neoplasms, Experimental ; genetics ; pathology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Proteins ; genetics ; RNA, Transfer, Glu ; genetics ; RNA, Transfer, Ile ; genetics ; RNA, Transfer, Met ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the pathophysiological and biomechanical features of skeletal muscular injury for providing a rational basis for its treatment, prevention and rehabilitation.

METHODSIn 70 adult rabbits, the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was stretched to injury, while the right TA muscle served as control. Histological, enzymohistochemical and biomechanical changes were observed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7 after injury. Cytochrome oxidase (CCO), acid phosphatase (ACP), ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADH-diaphorase (NADHD), glutamatedehydrogenase (GDH), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The examined biomechanical parameters included maximal contractile force, ultimate load, length, energy absorption, tangent stiffness, and rupture site.

RESULTSPartial or complete rupture of TA muscle occurred near the muscle-tendon junction. There was an intense inflammatory reaction on day 1 and 2 after injury. Endomysium fibrosis and myotube formation were observed on day 3, and developed further on day 7. The activity of cell oxidases (CCO, ATPase, MDH, alpha-GPD, SDH, NADHD and GDH) showed a significant drop from day 0 to 2, and resumed with different levels on day 3. The increment of enzymatic activities continued on day 7 and the levels of NADHD and alpha-GPD reached to the levels of control muscle. Maximal contractile force was 70.17%+/-3.82% of controls immediately after injury, 54.82%+/-3.09% at 1 day, 66.41%+/-4.36% at 2 days, 78.39%+/-4.90% at 3 days and 93.64%+/-5.02% at 7 days. Ultimate load was 85.78%+/-7.54% of controls at the moment of injury, 61.44%+/-5.91% at 1 day, 49.17%+/-4.26% at 2 days, 64.43%+/-5.02% at 3 days, and 76.71%+/-6.46% at 7 days.

CONCLUSIONSEndomysium fibrosis and scar formation at the injured site are responsible for frequent recurrence of skeletal muscle injury. Recovery of tensile load slower than that of maximal contractile force may be another cause. Whether the injured muscle returns to normal exercise is mainly determined by the tensility on which the muscle-tendon can bear rather than the maximal contractile force.

Acid Phosphatase ; analysis ; Adenosine Triphosphatases ; analysis ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase ; analysis ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; analysis ; Glutamate Dehydrogenase ; analysis ; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase ; analysis ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; analysis ; Malate Dehydrogenase ; analysis ; Muscle, Skeletal ; injuries ; pathology ; physiology ; Rabbits ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo determine the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase--protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway in the pro- tective effect of aerobic endurance training on the skeletal muscular mitochondria.

METHODSThirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups( n = 12): control group, aerobic endurance training group and one-time exhaustive group. After the intervention, the quadriceps femoris muscle sample was obtained to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP), the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cy- tochrome coxidase (COX), and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome coxidase, and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt were all significantly decreased in the one-time exhaustive group (P < 0.05). However, all the above was partially reversed in the endurance training group (P < 0.05), and there was no obvious difference with the control group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAerobic endurance training plays an important role in the protective effect on the skeletal muscular mitochondria, the mechanism may be related to activation PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; metabolism ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism