OBJECTIVETo study the sterilizing effect and mechanism of electrolyzed-oxidizing water (EOW) and electrolyzed-reductive water (ERW) for Bacillus subtilis var. niger (ATCC9372) and Escherichia coli (8099).

METHODSThe generations of EOW and ERW were made in the ion membrane electrolysis cell. The sterilization manner was the suspension quantitative germicidal test.

RESULTSThe killing rate of EOW for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 99.59% in 30 minutes and the killing logarithm value was 2.38 log cfu/ml; the killing rate of ERW for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 94.62% in 60 minutes and the killing logarithm value was 1.27 log cfu/ml; the killing rate of ERW for Escherichia coli was 100% in 30 minutes and the killing logarithm value was 8.26 log cfu/ml. When the available chlorine content (ACC) value in EOW was 74.90 mg/L and killing time was 30 minutes, the killing rate for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 99.89% and the killing logarithm value was 2.67 log cfu/ml. When the ACC value was 6.82 mg/L, the killing rate for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 83.30% and the killing logarithm value was 0. 78 log cfu/ml under the same time. When the oxidizing-reductive potential (ORP) and pH values of EOW were 1138 mV and 2.24 respectively, the killing rate for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 99.99%. When the ORP and pH values of EOW were 883 mV and 5. 43 respectively, the killing rate of Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 99.73%. When the ORP value of ERW is -918 mV, the sterilizing rate for Bacillus subtilis var. niger was 94.62%; when the ORP value is -155 mV, the sterilizing ratio was only 40.19%.

CONCLUSIONIt indicates that the sterilizing mechanism of EOW is mainly chemical processes (ACC), while the physical factors are auxiliary. The sterilizing mechanism of ERW is physics sterilizing that the mainly factor is ORP.

In this study, voltage was used as a disturbance factor to investigate the relationship between microbial community and methane (CH₄) production flux in a microbial electrolytic cell coupled anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD). Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was used to explore the relationship between the CH₄ metabolic flux produced and the microbes. The results showed that both methane production flux and hydrogen production flux changed significantly upon voltage disturbance, while the voltage disturbance had little effect on acetic acid production flux. The maximum CH₄ production flux under 0.6 V disturbance was 0.522±0.051, which increased by 77% and 32%, respectively, compared with that of the control group under 1.0 V (0.295±0.013) and under 1.4 V (0.395±0.029). In addition, an average of 15.7%±2.9% of H₂ (flux) was used to reduce CO₂ to produce CH₄ and acetic acid, and an average of 27.7%±6.9% of acetic acid (flux) was converted to CH₄. Moreover, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae significantly affected the flux of acetic acid. The flux of CH₄ production is positively correlated with the abundances of Petrimonas, Syntrophomonas, Blvii28, and Acinetobacter, and negatively correlated with the abundances of Tuzzerella and Sphaerochaeta. The species that affected the flux of H₂ and CH₄ were similar, mostly belonging to Bacteroides, Clostridium, Pseudomonas and Firmicutes. Furthermore, the interspecies interaction is also an important factor affecting the MEC-AD methanogenesis flux.
Acetates ; Anaerobiosis ; Bioreactors ; Electrolysis ; Methane

As a modality of effective treatment for trichiasis, authors performed experimental study of the radio frequency application(Mehl's method) to the cilia of four rabbit eyes with the different application times(10, 30, 60, 180 seconds). For the control, electrolysis to the cilia of the two eyes, and two eyes without any application were observed histopathologically. Regardless of the radio frequency application time, the radio frequency applied eyelids did not reveal any gross changes, and the selective degenerative changes(pyknotic, vacuolar, and karyorrhaxis) were observed microscopically in the hair regeneration part(internal root sheath of hair, hair matrix, and papillae of hair). In the electrolysed eyelids, gross scar and severe necrotic changes were appeared in microscopic findings. As a result of our observation, it is indicated that the application of radio frequency as a treatment for trichiasis, in compare with the electrolysis, revealed less destructive to the adjacent tissue, with more selective changes on the portion for hair regeneration.
Cicatrix ; Cilia* ; Electrolysis ; Eyelids ; Hair ; Regeneration ; Trichiasis

Ovomucoid (OMC) is the most prominent allergen causing hen's egg allergy, containing disulfide (S-S) bonds that may be responsible for its allergic action. As S-S bonds may be reduced during electrolysis, this study was undertaken to evaluate modulation of the allergic action of OMC after electrolysis. Electrolysis was carried out for 1% OMC containing 1% sodium chloride for 30 minutes with a voltage difference of 90 V, 0.23 A (30 mA/cm2). Protein assays, amino acid measurement, and mass spectrometry in untreated OMC and OMC on both the anode and cathode sides after electrolysis were performed. Moreover, 21 patients with IgE-mediated hen's egg allergy were evaluated by using the skin prick test (SPT) for untreated OMC and OMC after electrolysis. The allergic action of OMC was reduced after electrolysis on both the anode and cathode sides when evaluated by the SPT. The modifications of OMC on electrolysis caused the loss of 2 distinct peptide fragments (57E-63K and 123H-128R) as seen on matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The total free SH groups in OMC were increased on the cathode side. Although the regions of S-S broken bonds were not determined in this study, the change in S-S bonds in OMC on both the anode and cathode sides may reduce the allergenic activity.
Egg Hypersensitivity ; Electrodes ; Electrolysis* ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Ovomucin* ; Peptide Fragments ; Skin ; Sodium Chloride

Child ; Electroacupuncture ; adverse effects ; instrumentation ; Electrolysis ; Equipment Failure ; Equipment and Supplies ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Male

The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial and clinical effects of acid water mouthrinse prepared by an electrolysis apparatus on chronic periodontitis and to evaluate the lasting period of these effects. The change in the pattern of colonization of bacteria within the subgingival pockets was monitored by phase contrast microscopy, in 40 patients, over a period of 8 weeks. In addition, changes in the clinical parameters of the diseased sites were also monitored. Site of pocket > or = 5mm was selected in each patient randomly divided into two groups. As a test group, acid water mouthrinse was used twice a day in 20 patients. As control, no mouthrinse was used in 20 patients The results were as follows: 1. The suppression of motile bacteria was maintained for up to 3-4 weeks at test group. 2. Two groups did not differ significantly in proportion of bacteria in subgingival plaque over a period of 8 weeks. 3. Loss of attachment showed a significant difference in test group and in test group compared with control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in control group. 4. No statistical difference was shown in two groups concerning the gingival index, plaque index, bleeding index. The results suggest that acid water mouthrinse is effective for reducing subgingival bacteria. It can be concluded that acid water may be useful as an mouthrinsing agent.
Bacteria ; Chronic Periodontitis* ; Colon ; Electrolysis* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontitis ; Water*

In order to investigate the mechanism of antibacterial effect of electrical stimulation on bone and joint infection, 5, 50 and 500 µA constant currents were passed through the silver electrodes and stainless electrodes on the Brain Heart Infusion agar culture plates which contained Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Lscherichia coli. After 24 hours of incubation, the widths of inhibitory zone around the electrodes were measured. The broth dilution susceptibility test was also used to verify the antibacterial effects of electrically generated silver in the Brain Heart Infusion broth. The results were as follows. 1. Silver anodes using constant currents manifested antibacterial effects definitely on the three bacterias, but stainless anodes showed none. 2. Antibacterial effects of silver anodes on the three bacterias increased in proportion to current density. However, antibacterial effects were negligible when current density was under 2 nA/mm2. 3. When current density was between 6.6 and 660 nA/mm2, there were no statistically significant differences in the antibacterial effects among 5, 50 and 500µA constant currents. 4. The culture broth containing silver ions generated by constant current electrolysis also manifested antibacterial effects. The retentate showed stronger antibacterial effects than the filtrate. Form these results, following conclusions were drawh. 1. The antibacterial eff ct of silver electrode using constant current was due to silver ions rather than electricity itself. 2. The substance which showed most effective antibactericity effects was silver complex larger than 2,000 m.w. and heat-unstable.
Agar ; Bacteria ; Brain ; Electric Stimulation ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; Electrolysis ; Heart ; Ions ; Joints ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Silver ; Staphylococcus aureus

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the antifungal effects of neutral electrolysis hydrogen water, an agent known for its oral anti-bacterial effects on the growth of C. albicans in vitro.METHODS: Hydrogen water, denture cleansing agent, and Listerine® were compared to a tap water control. We serially cultured C. albicans KCTC 27239 in SD media to analyze the inhibitory effect of each treatment on growth. We evaluated the data using repeated-measures ANOVA test and one-way ANOVA test, and a significant difference was defined as P < 0.05.RESULTS: Hydrogen water significantly inhibited the growth, but not the biofilm formation, of C. albicans compared to tap water control at 1-, 5-, and 10-minute time points (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The growth of C. albicans was slower in hydrogen water than in tap water, thereby suggesting an inhibitory effect of hydrogen water. Hydrogen water may, therefore, be utilized as an antibacterial and preventive agent without any harmful effect on denture and oral tissues.
Biofilms ; Candida albicans ; Candida ; Dentures ; Detergents ; Electrolysis ; Hydrogen ; In Vitro Techniques ; Water

BACKGROUND: Trichiasis is the inward inversion of the eyelash, resulting in painful contact with the cornea, which is a common symptom of patients with leprosy seeking treatment in leprosy outpatient clinics. Recurrence rates are high when trichiasis is treated with conventional methods such as epilation and electrolysis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively a more aggressive surgical technique, lid splitting with lash resection, for trichiasis in long standing leprosy as a pilot study. METHODS: During the past 10 months, we treated 12 leprosy patients (18 eyelids) for trichiasis by splitting the lid margin at the gray line with resection of the eyelash bearing portion to modify the anterior lamellar repositioning. RESULTS: In all patients, pain disappeared immediately and there were no complications. The low number of patients and relatively short follow-up period are study limitations. CONCLUSION: The lid splitting with lash resection for trichiasis in patients with long standing leprosy is a satisfied treatment method functionally and cosmetically.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Cornea ; Electrolysis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hair Removal ; Humans ; Leprosy* ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Trichiasis*

The determination of chemical purity of andrographolide by coulometric titration method is studied in this paper. The coulometric titration was carried out in a mixture composed of 4 mol x L(-1) hydrochloric acid and 1 mol x L(-1) potassium bromide solution and 1 mol x L(-1) potassium nitrate solution (1:1). Bromine is electrogenerated at the anode and reacts with the andrographolide. The number of electrons involved in the eleatrode reaction is 2. Purity of andrographolide is 99.76% compared with 99.77% utilizing area normalization method by HPLC. The RSD are 0.33% and 0.02% respectively. The results from two methods are consistent, so the determination of chemical purity of andrographolide by coulometric titration method is scientific and feasible. The method is rapid, simple, convenient, sensitive and accurate. The reference material is not essential in the method. The method is suitable for determination of chemical purity of andrographolide.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diterpenes ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Electrolysis ; Electrolytes ; chemistry ; Indicators and Reagents ; chemistry ; Linear Models ; Reproducibility of Results