A method to roll-over the paralyzed body by means of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is considered. It is demonstrated that individual joint motions necessary for the rolling-over are realized by electrical stimulation. EMG measurements are also performed to analyze the cooperative activities of the muscles during rolling-over motion in a case where an upper extremity was used. These results of two experiments using normal subjects verifies the fundamental feasibility of body control by FES.
Electric Stimulation* ; Joints ; Methods ; Muscles ; Upper Extremity

This paper introduces the current application of various kinds of implantable neuro-stimulator at home and abroad, and also analyzes its development trend.
Electric Stimulation Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Prostheses and Implants

In order to supply the multichannel electrical stimulator, a DC-DC flyback switch mode power supply based on a high-performance current mode controller UC3845 has been designed. The experimental results indicate that the power supply has satisfied the demands and can supply the multichannel electrical stimulator and similar apparatuses.
Electric Power Supplies ; Electric Stimulation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design

In order to study on the definition domain and their correlated influencing factors about the acupuncture and moxibustion stimulation quantity, electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation quality and intensity, and to probe into the project of quantification of EA stimulation quantity. The authors reviewed the standardization work of EA, summed up the current state of the application of EA and the problems in quantification of the stimulation quantity in clinically control studies, expounded the different opinions and misunderstanding in acupuncture and moxibustion stimulation quantity and analyzed the definition domain and associated factors about acupuncture and moxibustion stimulation quantity and EA stimulation quantity and intensity. After the technical analysis, the calculation methods and formulas of pulse energy, quantity and intensity of EA stimulation were derived. On this basis, several schemes for the quantification of EA stimulation quantity with a certain feasibility and strong maneuverability are proposed.
Electric Stimulation ; methods ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; methods ; standards ; Electroacupuncture ; methods ; standards ; Humans

According to the instruction of the operator, the designed programmable multichannel stimulator will deliver stimuli with an assigned amplitude and a proper width to the electrode-array in various modes. Each stimulation time is controlled by the internal timer of the MCU, while the stimulated electrodes' spatial parameter is controlled by the CPLD. Having abandoned conventional isolation using the transformer, we have adapted optical coupling and stable float ground connection to achieve the safety standard required by physiological measurements.
Electric Stimulation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; instrumentation ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electrophysiology ; instrumentation ; methods

Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is a non-invasive, economical, and well-tolerated neuromodulation technique. However, traditional TES is a whole-brain stimulation with a small current, which cannot satisfy the need for effectively focused stimulation of deep brain areas in clinical treatment. With the deepening of the clinical application of TES, researchers have constantly investigated new methods for deeper, more intense, and more focused stimulation, especially multi-electrode stimulation represented by high-precision TES and temporal interference stimulation. This paper reviews the stimulation optimization schemes of TES in recent years and further analyzes the characteristics and limitations of existing stimulation methods, aiming to provide a reference for related clinical applications and guide the following research on TES. In addition, this paper proposes the viewpoint of the development direction of TES, especially the direction of optimizing TES for deep brain stimulation, aiming to provide new ideas for subsequent research and application.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods* ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; Brain/physiology* ; Head ; Electric Stimulation/methods*

The recovery of quadriceps muscle strength and knee function after knee surgery is important. Recently, neuro-muscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which is a method in which an electrical current is applied to the surrounding targeted muscle, has been incorporated into muscle-strengthening programs. The objective of this review was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of NMES in patients who have undergone knee surgery. A database search was performed in 8 Korean databases, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Article selection and quality assessment were performed by 2 reviewers. Of the 580 articles selected, 14 papers (randomized controlled trials) were included in the final assessment. In the results of the meta-analysis, NMES combined with rehabilitation demonstrated a significant improvement in the enhancement of quadriceps muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. On the basis of the currently available data, NMES with rehabilitation is associated with favorable outcomes, and should be considered a safe and effective procedure for enhancing quadriceps muscle strength.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Electric Stimulation Therapy* ; Electric Stimulation* ; Humans ; Knee* ; Methods ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Rehabilitation

This article presents the development and design of a new type intelligent high potential therapeutic apparatus, by using Atmega1280 as its controller. The circuit transforms voltage from 220 V ac to 110 V ac and constitutes different circuits with relays. In order to get different treatment waveforms, inductance of various values is used in different circuits. The circuit generates appropriate treatment voltage with the transformer booster. Simultaneously, the corresponding control software was composed. Finally the hardware and software designs of the high potential therapeutic apparatus were completed. Result of the experiment showed that the high potential therapeutic apparatus worked steadily and the effect of treatment was satisfactory.
Electric Stimulation Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Software

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the FES-gait with augmented feedback training to the FES alone on the gait and functional performance in individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS: This study used a pretest and posttest randomized control design. The subjects who signed the agreement were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups and 12 control groups. The experimental groups performed two types of augmented feedback training (knowledge of performance and knowledge of results) together with FES, and the control group performed FES on the TA and GM without augmented feedback and then walked for 30 minutes for 40 meters. Both the experimental groups and the control groups received training five times a week for four weeks. RESULTS: The groups that received the FES with augmented feedback training significantly showed a greater improvement in single limb support (SLS) and gait velocity than the groups that received FES alone. In addition, timed up and go (TUG) test and six minute walk test (6MWT) showed a significant improvement in the groups that received FES with augmented feedback compared to the groups that received FES alone. CONCLUSION: Compared with the existing FES gait training, augmented feedback showed improvements in gait parameters, walking ability, and dynamic balance. The augmented feedback will be an important method that can provide motivation for motor learning to stroke patients.
Electric Stimulation* ; Extremities ; Gait* ; Humans ; Learning ; Methods ; Motivation ; Stroke* ; Walking

When treating dysphagia, “Functional electrical stimulation” is used for the purpose of improving muscle function, which is useful for swallowing. During swallowing, contraction of suprahyoid muscle is one of the first events that triggers the swallowing reflex and helps the bolus prevent aspiration during swallowing. Moreover, one of the aims of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) on the neck is to augment the hyolaryngeal elevation. However, depending on the current intensity and electrodes placement, the outcomes may vary. Although FES is a relatively new treatment method in comparison to traditional treatment techniques for dysphagia, presenting clear evidence and effectiveness is uncertain due to the application of various techniques. Therefore, this study is designed to know the effects of FES according to intensity of stimulation and placement of electrode.
Deglutition Disorders ; Deglutition* ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes* ; Methods ; Neck ; Reflex