Enteral feeding therapy has existed since ancient Egypt, but most of the major advances in enteral nutrient techniques and formulas have taken place during the 20th century through the development of sources and ingredients This review provides a historical account of enteral nutrition (EN), including the sources and formulation of macro-and micro-nutrients in the formula and how to manufacture them. The formulas were improved by the development of raw materials that are easier to digest and the next formula is expected to develop functionality using more raw materials, such as ω-3, amino acid, and more functional ingredients to heal the disease.
Egypt ; Enteral Nutrition*

Toxicity of the fungicide Flutolanil was in vitro tested against 20 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina and cotton seedlings of ten commercial cotton cultivars. The isolates were recovered from roots of cotton plants obtained from different cotton-growing areas in Egypt. Most of the tested isolates were sensitive to Flutolanil; however, they varied in sensitivity. Twenty-five percent of the isolates were highly sensitive where IC50 ranged from < 1 to 5.1 microg/ml, 20% of the isolates were sensitive where IC50 ranged from 15 to 30 microg/ml, 45% of the isolates were moderately sensitive where IC50 ranged from 46 to 58.5 microg/ml, and 10% of the isolates were not much sensitive (tolerant) where IC50 was > 100 microg/ml. Flutolanil was very safe on both shoots and roots of the tested cultivars (IC50 > 100 microg/ml). Treating cotton seeds with Flutolanil resulted in highly significant (P < 0.01) reductions in pathogenicity of 18 isolates and a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in pathogenicity of isolate M29. M1 was the only isolate, which was insensitive to the application of Flutolanil. In vivo toxicity to Flutolanil was not correlated with its in vitro toxicity. However, a highly significant correlation (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) was observed between pathogenicity of isolates and the in vivo toxicity of the fungicide.
Egypt ; Gossypium ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Seedlings ; Virulence

Automobiles ; Egypt ; Industrial Waste ; Industry ; organization & administration ; Waste Management

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students towards road safety and to determine their driving behavior and its relation to different related factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 480 medical students at Mansoura University, Egypt. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect student personal data, knowledge about road safety, attitude towards road safety, and driving practices. RESULTS: More than 40% of students experienced an injury in the previous year, mainly as a pedestrian (56%), and 15.2% practiced driving, although only 9.6% had a driving licence. Most of the students had correct road safety knowledge except for awareness that the safe time to read maps is when your vehicle is parked (44%), one should drive in the left lane (29.6%), and one should overtake from the right-hand lane only (25.8%). The majority of the students reported that road traffic injuries can be prevented (89.2%). The mean score of the driving practices of the students ranged from 0.66±1.04 to 2.44±6.28 and rural residents showed significantly higher score regarding errors and lapses. CONCLUSION: Good road safety knowledge and a favorable, low risk attitude, did not translate into improved road traffic behavior and this highlights the importance of stricter implementation of the existing rules and including road safety in medical education programs.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education, Medical ; Egypt ; Humans ; Students, Medical

This study is aimed to investigate about the fungal flora of some agaric fungi in Assiut, Egypt wild mushroom were collected during cold weather from November to February in the years 1995 and 1996 respectively. Twenty three species and one variety belong to 12 genera in 7 families of the order Agaricales from Assuit were identifled. The common genera were Agaricus, Macrolepiota and Corprinus. From the preceeding genera, four species from each genus were collected. Agaricus bitorquis, A. campestris, A. hortensis, A. perraus, Macrolepioya, M. rhacodes, M. rhacodes var. Hortensis, Marcrolepiota sp., Coprinus afamentarus, C. comatus, C. picaceus and C. nosoustii.
Agar* ; Agaricales ; Agaricus ; Coprinus ; Egypt ; Fungi ; Humans ; Weather

The mycobiota of the sandy soil of Egyptian beaches was investigated in thirty six sand samples collected from nine different localities in Egypt. The filamentous fungi were identified and assigned to thirty one genera and fifty one species. Greater populations as well as a wider spectrum range of fungal genera and species were obtained in sandy soil of Alexandria beach while Balteem beach was the poorest one. The total count of the genus or species was not depended upon cases of isolation. Most of the genera detected belonged to the Deuteromycotina with fewer proportions belonging to the Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina. The genera of highest incidence and their respective numbers of species were: Penicillium (35.72%, 6 species) and Aspergillus (30.28%, 16 species). The species which showed the highest incidence in all cases was P. chrysogenum, followed by P. citrinum, A. flavus, Chaetomium murorum and Trichoderma viride. A few number of other genera and species were also detected.
Aspergillus ; Chaetomium ; Egypt ; Fungi* ; Incidence ; Penicillium ; Silicon Dioxide ; Soil* ; Trichoderma

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) family Malvaceae is an important crop used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutics industries. Roselle is cultivated mainly in Upper Egypt (Qena and Aswan governorates) producing 94% of total production. Root rot disease of roselle is one of the most important diseases that attack both seedlings and adult plants causing serious losses in crop productivity and quality. The main objective of the present study is to identify and characterize pathogens associated with root rot and wilt symptoms of roselle in Qena, Upper Egypt and evaluate their pathogenicity under greenhouse and field condition. Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium semitectum were isolated from the natural root rot diseases in roselle. All isolated fungi were morphologically characterized and varied in their pathogenic potentialities. They could attack roselle plants causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases in different pathogenicity tests. The highest pathogenicity was caused by F. oxysporum and M. phaseolina followed by F. solani. The least pathogenic fungi were F. equiseti followed by F. semitectum. It obviously noted that Baladi roselle cultivar was more susceptible to infection with all tested fungi than Sobhia 17 under greenhouse and field conditions. This is the first report of fungal pathogens causing root rot and vascular wilt in roselle in Upper Egypt.
Adult ; Efficiency ; Egypt* ; Fungi ; Fusarium ; Humans ; Malvaceae ; Seedlings ; Virulence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of adding Nordic exercise as post-training in decreasing hamstring initial, recurrent injuries rates, and their severity. METHODS: In this randomly controlled trial study, 34 professional football players aged 21 to 35 years were randomly assigned into two groups (17 players each) from Sporting clubs at Alexandria, Egypt. For group one, Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) was performed pre-training and post-training. For group two, NHE was only performed pre-training. The control group was the same team during the previous season. Length of the trial was 12 weeks. The Australian football association injury form was used to collect incidence of injuries for each subject in both groups. RESULTS: Pooled results based on total injuries showed that group one had significantly less hamstring initial injuries (92% less) than the previous season, while group two had 80% less initial injuries and 85% less recurrent injuries than previous season. Regarding the severity of injuries in term of mean number of absent days, it was 1 day for group one and 2.7 days for group two while it was 7.95 days for the previous season during total risk time of 116.3±13.2 and 117.6±5.7 exposure hours for group one and group two, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of NHE as a prevention protocol was effective in reducing all hamstring injuries with the use of NHE during pre-training and post-training having the greatest effect.
Egypt ; Football ; Incidence ; Leg Injuries ; Recurrence ; Seasons ; Soccer ; Sports

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reproduction among patients with bipolar I disorder (BP1) or schizophrenia (SZ) in Egypt. METHODS: BP1 patients (n=113) were compared with community based, demographically balanced controls (n=124) and SZ patients (n=79, DSM-IV). All participants were evaluated using structured interviews and corroborative data were obtained from relatives. Standard indices of procreation were included in multivariate analyses that incorporated key demographic variables. RESULTS: Control individuals were significantly more likely to have children than BP1 or SZ patients (controls 46.8%, BP1 15.9%, SZ 17.7%), but the BP1-SZ differences were non-significant. The average number of children for BP1 patients (0.37+/-0.9) and SZ patients (0.38+/-0.9) was significantly lower than for controls (1.04+/-1.48) (BP1 vs controls, p<0.001; SZ vs controls, p<0.001). The frequency of marriages among BP1 patients was nominally higher than the SZ group, but was significantly lower than controls (BP1: 31.9% SZ: 27.8% control: 57.3%). Even among married individuals, BP1 (but not SZ) patients were childless more often than controls (p=0.001). The marital fertility, i.e., the average number of children among patients with conjugal relationships for controls (1.8+/-1.57) was significantly higher than BP1 patients (1.14+/-1.31, p=0.02), but not significantly different from SZ patients (1.36+/-1.32, p=0.2). CONCLUSION: Selected reproductive measures are significantly and substantially reduced among Egyptian BP1 patients. The reproductive indices are similar among BP1 and SZ patients, suggesting a role for general illness related variables. Regardless of the cause/s, the impairment constitutes important, under-investigated disability.
Bipolar Disorder ; Child ; Egypt ; Fertility ; Humans ; Marriage ; Multivariate Analysis ; Reproduction ; Schizophrenia

The present drinking water purification system in Egypt uses surface water as a raw water supply without a preliminary filtration process. On the other hand, chlorine gas is added as a disinfectant agent in two steps, pre- and post-chlorination. Due to these reasons most of water treatment plants suffer low filtering effectiveness and produce the trihalomethane (THM) species as a chlorination by-product. The Ismailia Canal represents the most distal downstream of the main Nile River. Thus its water contains all the proceeded pollutants discharged into the Nile. In addition, the downstream reaches of the canal act as an agricultural drain during the closing period of the High Dam gates in January and February every year. Moreover, the wide industrial zone along the upstream course of the canal enriches the canal water with high concentrations of heavy metals. The obtained results indicate that the canal gains up to 24.06x10(6) m3 of water from the surrounding shallow aquifer during the closing period of the High Dam gates, while during the rest of the year, the canal acts as an influent stream losing about 99.6x10(6) m3 of its water budget. The reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) should be one of the central goals of any treatment plan to avoid the disinfectants by-products. The combination of sedimentation basins, gravel pre-filtration and slow sand filtration, and underground passage with microbiological oxidation-reduction and adsorption criteria showed good removal of parasites and bacteria and complete elimination of TOC, SPM and heavy metals. Moreover, it reduces the use of disinfectants chemicals and lowers the treatment costs. However, this purification system under the arid climate prevailing in Egypt should be tested and modified prior to application.
Egypt ; Industry ; Seasons ; Water Microbiology ; Water Movements ; Water Pollutants ; Water Purification ; methods ; Water Supply ; analysis