PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to introduce and implement a noninvasive method to derive the carotid artery pressure waveform directly by processing diagnostic sonograms of the carotid artery. METHODS: Ultrasound image sequences of 20 healthy male subjects (age, 36±9 years) were recorded during three cardiac cycles. The internal diameter and blood velocity waveforms were extracted from consecutive sonograms over the cardiac cycles by using custom analysis programs written in MATLAB. Finally, the application of a mathematical equation resulted in time changes of the arterial pressure. The resulting pressures were calibrated using the mean and the diastolic pressure of the radial artery. RESULTS: A good correlation was found between the mean carotid blood pressure obtained from the ultrasound image processing and the mean radial blood pressure obtained using a standard digital sphygmomanometer (R=0.91). The mean absolute difference between the carotid calibrated pulse pressures and those measured clinically was −1.333±6.548 mm Hg. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that consecutive sonograms of the carotid artery can be used for estimating a blood pressure waveform. We believe that our results promote a noninvasive technique for clinical applications that overcomes the reproducibility problems of common carotid artery tonometry with technical and anatomical causes.
Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure* ; Calibration ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Manometry ; Methods* ; Radial Artery ; Sphygmomanometers ; Ultrasonography*

Purpose: This study investigated the accuracy of models reconstructed from ultrasound image processing by comparing the radial displacement waveforms of a subject-specific artery model and evaluated stress changes in the proximal shoulder, throat, and distal shoulder of the plaques depending on the degree of carotid artery stenosis. Methods: Three groups of subjects (healthy and with less than 50% or more carotid stenosis) were evaluated with ultrasonography. Two-dimensional transverse imaging of the common carotid artery was performed to reconstruct the geometry. A longitudinal view of the same region was recorded to extract the Kelvin viscoelastic model parameters. The pulse pressure waveform and the effective pressure of perivascular tissue were loaded onto the internal and external walls of the model. Effective, circumferential, and principal stresses applied to the plaque throat, proximal shoulder, and distal shoulder in the transverse planes were extracted. Results: The radial displacement waveforms of the model were closely correlated with those of image processing in all three groups. The mean of the effective, circumferential, and principal stresses of the healthy arteries were 15.01±4.93, 12.97±5.07, and 12.39±2.86 kPa, respectively. As stenosis increased from mild to significant, the mean values of the effective, circumferential, and first principal stresses increased significantly (97%, 74%, and 103% at the plaque throat, respectively) (P<0.05). The minimum effective stress was at the lipid pool. The effective stress in calcified areas was higher than in other parts of the artery wall. Conclusion This model can discriminate differences in stresses applied to mildly and severely stenotic plaques.

Background: Chronic exposure to silica is related with the provocation of an inflammatory response and oxidative stress mechanism. Vitamin D has multiple benefits in biological activities particularly respiratory system disease.MethodIn this research, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (5 rats /group) as follow: Group1 received saline as (negative control) group. The group 2 received a single IT instillation of silica (positive control) group; the group 3 was co-administrated with single IT silica and Vitamin D (20 mg/kg/day) daily for a period of 90 days. The rats of group 4 received Vitamin D daily for a period of 90 days. Results: Silica significantly increased serum and lung total Oxidant Status (TOS). Meanwhile, silica reduced serum and lung total antioxidant capacity (TAC), GSH and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a). Vitamin D treatment meaningfully reversed oxidative stress, antioxidants status and inflammatory response. Also, Vitamin D improved histopathological changes caused by silica. Conclusion These findings indicate that Vitamin D exerts protective effects against silica-induced lung injury. It seems that Vitamin D has potential use as a therapeutic object for silica induced lung injure.