In order to develop internal force and economic practice, continuously regulate a management task, use safely, sensibly, economically drug in the hospitals and contribution on the pharmaceutical Branch of Vietnam. Ministry of Health have been had direction of number of 04/1998/CT-BYT dated April 3th 1998 with 5 contents.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Safety ; Economics

The goal of cost-containment in anesthesia requires a global, multif actorial approach. Practice patterns need to be optimized by determined leadership, motivation and commitment of all concerned. It is clear from the current national debate on health care priorities that every health care worker, the anesthesiologist included, needs to examine not only the economic consequences of his daily practice decisions, but also his daily practice patterns of behavior in the operating room. When the patient grants his consent for anesthesia, he puts his complete trust on the anesthesiologist and then goes to sleep. He trusts that the anesthesiologist will give him the best anesthetic, and implicitly, that he [the anesthesiologist) would safeguard his interest and minimize cost. Objectives: 1) To determine the current patterns of volatile anesthetic utilization among the anesthesiologists in our institution; 2) To make a cost-minimization analysis of these practice patterns; and, 3) To collect baseline data prior to the development of pharmaceutical practice guidelines in anesthesiology for our institution. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done using the anesthesia records of all patients admitted into the operating room at the Private Division of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital for the month of February 2000. The patients were stratified into those receiving general anesthesia and those receiving regional anesthesia. Only those surgical cases that required general inhalation anesthetic whether as primary or supplemental agent where included in the evaluation. The most commonly used volatile inhalation agents were determined. The cost of delivering inhalation anesthesia either as a single agent or in combination with a regional technique is determined by surveying the charges made for each individual case. Results: Total charges for anesthetic drugs used, including oxygen and local anesthetic agents amounted to Php 1,055,401.60. Charges for drugs alone amounted to Php 1,027,436.60, of which Php 42,738.00 comprise the cost of local anesthetics for regional techniques. All other drugs used amounted to PhP 984,698.60. The total cost for volatile inhalation agents alone comprised 47.9 percent of which sevoflurane accounted for the highest share of Php 378,425.45; isoflurane, Php 26,650.00; enflurane Php 14,908.00 and halothane Php 600.00. The neuromuscular blockers accounted for 16.5 percent; the sedative-hypnotics, diprivan (2.2 percent) and midazolam (2.5 percent); and the opiate agonist, fentanyl (1.9 percent) and partial agonist nalbuphine (3.3 percent) comprise a great part of the rest of the charges. Discussion: Pharmacoeconomics is an increasingly important consideration in the adoption of new drugs into practice. Not only must a new drug confer greater therapeutic benefit, but also that benefit must not be bought at too high a price. For injected drugs, determination of relative cost is straightforward. This is not true for inhaled anesthetics because cost is related to more than the amount of drug taken up; cost is also determined by waste of anesthetic consequent to delivery of anesthetic in excess of the amount taken up. It is not surprising therefore, that the charges for the volatile anesthetics are very much higher than the expected cost of consumption, practically accounting for 60-75 percent of charges for all anesthetic drugs combined. It behooves every anesthesiologist therefore to consider the cost of their pharmaceutical choices at all times and undertake cost minimization strategies for drugs used in anesthesia, especially the volatile anesthetics. (Author)
ANESTHESIA ; ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL

BACKGROUNDUnder the circumstance of the New Medical Reform in Mainland of China, lowering drug prices has become an approach to relieving increase of medical expenses, and lowering brand-name medication price is a key strategy. This study, by comparing and analyzing brand-name medication prices between Mainland of China and Taiwan, explores how to adjust brand-name medication prices in Mainland of China in the consideration of the drug administrative strategies in Taiwan.

METHODSBy selecting brand-name drug with generic name and dose types matched in Mainland and Taiwan, calculate the average unit price and standard deviation and test it with the paired t-test. In the mean time, drug administrative strategies between Mainland and Taiwan are also compared systematically.

RESULTSAmong the 70 brand-name medications with generic names and matched dose types, 54 are at higher prices in Mainland of China than Taiwan, which is statistically significant in t-test. Also, among the 47 medications with all of matched generic names, dose types, and manufacturing enterprises, 38 are at higher prices in Mainland than Taiwan, and the gap is also statistically significant in t-test. In Mainland of China, brand-name medication took cost-plus pricing and price-based price adjustment, while in Taiwan, brand-name medication took internal and external reference pricing and market-based price adjustment.

CONCLUSIONSBrand-name drug prices were higher in Mainland of China than in Taiwan. The adjustment strategies of drug prices are scientific in Taiwan and are worth reference by Mainland of China.

With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the traditional Chinese medicine has been paid more attention worldwide because of its therapeutic effect and the special health care function. The future contract which was born under the modern economic system, by its price discovery function and the circumvention risk function, occupies the main superiority in the commodity exchange. The traditional Chinese medicine, which has a glorious transaction history commodity, whether future contract could be used to carry on the transaction still to lack the scientific examination. This article reviewed traditional Chinese medicine tradition trading mode forms with in the evolution foundation, summarized the Chinese materia medica tradition trading mode characteristic, discussed necessity and feasibility of the future contract as a supplement sale way for traditional Chinese medicine transaction. It also forecasted possible risk of future contract, proposed the preliminary implementation method for traditional Chinese medicine future contract.
Contracts ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics

Newer antidepressants of various types continue to be developed for the treatment of depression recently. While the physicians have a good chance of choosing the diverse antidepressant, they have difficulties to select an appropriate antidepressant. Factors to consider when choosing an antidepressant include the efficacy, adverse effects, age of the patients, subtype of depression, prior response to antidepressant and pharmacoeconomics. The issues of selecting antidepressant will be discussed in this article.
Antidepressive Agents* ; Depression ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Humans

An economic evaluation is required in order to apply to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) for a listing in the national drug formulary. To assist companies in preparing the necessary documents, HIRA published guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals in 2006. The guidelines are composed of two parts: guidance an explanatory notes. Each guideline reflects the best practice which meets both the theoretical consensus within the academic community and local situations, like data availability. To enhance the transparency of evaluation, guidelines emphasize the reproducibility of data and analysis result. That is, all evaluation processes are required to be described in enough detail to be replicated by reviewers. With growing experience and theoretical development in this area, HIRA guidelines will be revised periodically.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Korea ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics

Analyzing the complicated variety and specification of drugs and the objective demand of pharmaceutical circulation, to seek out the key factors in improving the efficiency of pharmaceutical circulation, for putting forward suggestions to promote the development of pharmaceutical circulation in China. The conclusion is drawed from industrial organization theory and successful experience of foreign countries, high market attention met with the demand of complicated variety and specification of drugs in pharmaceutical circulation.
China ; Drug Industry ; economics ; organization & administration ; Marketing of Health Services ; economics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; economics

Pharmacoeconomics is an important part of the postmarketing Chinese medicine (CM) evaluation, and postmarketing pharmacoeconomic evaluation can reveal the clinical and market value of CM. The purpose of establishing the guideline for pharmacoeconomic evaluation is to make the evaluation process and results regarding Chinese patent medicines both scientific and fair. Every country's guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluation act as reference guidelines, we have already drawn up the guideline that takes into account the special characteristics of CM; and these are in preparation for the postmarketing CM pharmacoeconomic evaluation.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; economics ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; economics ; Statistics as Topic

In recent years, pharmacoeconomic studies have drawn increasing attention from experts in clinical medicine, pharmacy, health economics and health management. Their findings play an important role in drug pricing, drafting of the List of Essential Medicines and rational selection of clinical drugs. The essay summarizes the literatures published in recent years concerning pharmacoeconomics of traditional Chinese medicines on stroke, in order to make clear the current development of the latest studies on traditional Chinese medicines on treating stroke and rehabilitation methods and provide basis for further studies on pharmacoeconomics of traditional Chinese medicines on stroke and reference for rational clinical drug use.
Animals ; Antithrombins ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy ; economics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; Stroke ; drug therapy ; economics

The general situation of the approved and concluded projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of processing Chinese Materia Medica in recent five years has been reviewed. The progresses and achievements of some projects have been summarized in accordance with research area such as the processing principle, the processing technology, quality evaluation, toxicity and safety evaluation, etc. The researchers and project support units of the funded projects have been analyzed, and the problems of the applications have been also summarized.
Biomedical Research ; economics ; organization & administration ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; economics ; organization & administration ; China ; Financing, Organized ; economics ; organization & administration ; Humans ; Materia Medica ; economics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics