Authors carried out an investigation of the helminthic parasites of the wild birds in Korea. Most wild birds were collected from Kyoung Sang Do, Kyoung Kee Do and Seoul area from September 1970 to March 1973. A total of 70 wild birds, 19 species were examined, which comprised as follows; 10 Anas platyrhynchus, 10 Anas fulicata, 4 Anas poeciolorhyncha zonorhyncha, 8 Anser albifrone albifrone, 5 Anser cygonopsis cygnoid, 10 Aythya fuligula, 6 Gallicrex cinerea, 2 Porgana fusca, 2 Phisianum calichius korponri, 4 Sterptopilla orientalis, Podiceps cristatus, Larus crasirotatus, Malantta fusca, Garis artcus, Buetes buteo, Egretta alba, Starmus philpiens, Bombycilla granulus. Trematode parasites found from six species of the wild birds. Echinostomatidae has been found from intestine of the Anas platyrhynchus platyrhynchus, Anas poeciolorhyncha zonorhyncha, Anas fulcata. Notocatylus attenuatis found from intestine of the Podiceps cristatus, Anas fulcata. Catylurus japonicus was found from rectum of the Anas platyrhynchus platyrhynchus, Anas poeciolorhyncha zonorhyncha.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Notocatylus attenuatus ; Catylurus japonicus ; Echinostoma revolutum ; Echinostoma gotoi ; Echinostoma miyagawai ; Echinoparyphium koizumi ; bird

The tegumental ultrastructures of Echinostoma hortense adults were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The worms of 4 weeks of age were harvested from albino rats experimentally infected with the metacercariae obtained from the loach. The results were as follows: The worms were leaf-like and their anterior end portion, including oral sucker and head crown, ventrally curved to face posteriorly. The tegument of whole body was wrinkled transversely and covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. The oral sucker had roundly swollen (type II) sensory papillae on the ventral half of its lip and uni-ciliated knob-like (type I) sensory papillae, arranged in 2-3 rows, on the dorsal outer surface. Aspinous ventral sucker had many of type I papillae arranged in a circular band on its outer surface. The tegument around the genital opening was of similar feature to the ventral sucker, but sensory papillae were hardly found around the former. Scale-like spines with broad base and round tip were distributed densely on the tegument anterior to the ventral sucker but they became sparse in posterior half of the ventral surface, finally to disappear at posterior extremity. A few number of type I papillae were observed on the ventral surface. The results suggest that the tegument of E. hortense is similar to that of other echinostomes especially E. revolutum. But the number and arrangement of collar spines, and/or the type and distribution of sensory papillae seem characteristic features of E. hortense differed from other echinostomes.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma hortense ; electron microscopy

The metacercariae of Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were found infected in the loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) purchased from two local markets in Korea. Identification of the metacercariae was done after obtaining adult worms from experimentally infected albino rats. Brief course of worm development in rats was also observed up to 28th post-infection day. The results are as follows: The metacercariae of E. cinetorchis were detected from 5 (10.9 percent) out of 46 loaches examined and the average metacercarial burden per infected loach was 34.4. They were always found from the posterior abdominal wall. The worm recovery rate from 8 rats was 24.6 percent in average. It was observed that the rate decreased according to age of infection; from 40.7 percent after 6 days to 15.0 percent after 28 days. The adult worms were morphologically characterized by the presence of head crown with dorsally uninterrupted collar spines, 37-38 in number, and the tendency of migration or disappearance of testes. So that they were identified as Echinostoma cinetorchis Ando et Ozaki, 1923. The development of worm was very rapid during 6-10 days after infection and became much slower thereafter. During the rapid worm growth the development of genital organs was more prominent than that of non-genital organs. From the results it is concluded that the loach is involved in the life cycle of E. cinetorchis in this country and may take a role for infection source to animals and man. It is also confirmed that migration or loss of testes is the distinct specific character of this echinostomatid fluke.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; metacercaria ; mouse ; development

The metacercariae of an echinostomatid fluke were detected from a freshwater fish, Odontobutis obscura interrupta caught from the Seom river system, Wonseong-gun, Kangwon-do, and experimenally infected into rats to obtain the adult worms for the species identification. A total of 32 metacercariae was detected from 10 fishes (27.8 percent) out of 36 O. obscura interrupta caught from the river. The average size of metacercariae was 153.4 x 149.0 micrometer. Also, it was uniquely specific that thickened membrane was formed around the metacercarial cyst wall. The rats orally infected with those metacercariae were sacrificed 20 days after infection to get the adult worms. The mean length and width of the adult worms were 0.75 cm and 0.13 cm, respectively. The number of collar spines on circumoral disk was 26 to 28, and the end group spines at lateral sides of the oral sucker were 4 on each side. The echinostomatid flukes observed in this study were all identified as Echinostoma hortense according to the morphologies of the cirrus sac, ovary, vitellaria and testes of the adult worms and the shape of eggs. On the other hand, O. obscura interrupta is one of the fresh-water fish that are preferably eaten raw by the rural inhabitants. Although no human case of E. hortense infection by eating O. obscura interrupta has been experienced yet, the possibility is strongly suggested in this study.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma hortense ; metacercariae ; Odontobutis obscura interrupta ; rat

Two cases of human Echinostoma hortense infection were found in Seoul Paik Hospital. Their stools revealed echinostomatid eggs. After treatment with praziquantel (single does of 10-12 mg/kg) and purgation with magnesium salt, total 21 flukes were collected in one case. The flukes were 5.9-7.5 mm long, had 27-28 collar spines around their head, laterally deviated ovary and two tandem testes. They were identified as E. hortense Asada, 1926. The cases are 38-year and 20-year old men residing in Seoul, whose hometown is Chungsong-gun and Seungju-gun, Kyongsangbuk-do respectively. They had eaten raw flesh of various kinds of fresh water fishes (both cases) and/or salamander (latter case), which are considered possible sources of this fluke infection. They experienced abdominal discomfort and/or diarrhea. Hematology revealed 22 percent eosinophilia in the latter case, but it became 5 percent after the treatment. Echinostomatid eggs were not found after the treatment in both cases. These are the 4th and 5th human cases of E. hortense infection in Korea.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma hortense ; case report ; praziquantel ; intestine

Eggs of Echinostoma sp. were found from two patients who were hospitalized between Oct. and Dec. 1985. Single dose of 10 mg/kg of praziquantel was prescribed to each patient and after purgation with magnesium salt seven and two adult worms of Echinostoma cinetorchis in respect were recovered from patients. The first case was a 54-year-old male residing at Chungju city in Chungbuk province. He was hospitalized because of severe weight loss and frequent urination. The second case was a 71-year-old male residing at Chungsun-kun in Kangwon province, and hospitalized due to suspected lung cancer. The average size of the eggs found in the stools was 98 x 63 micrometer (the first case) and 100 x 67 micrometer (the second case) respectively, and total nine worms collected were identified as E. cinetorchis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; case report ; praziquantel ; intestine

An epidemiological study was performed to know the infection status of E. hortense among the human residents and fish intermediate hosts in Chongsong-gun, Kyongsangbuk-do. Out of 263 people examined, 59(22.4 per cent) were positive for the eggs of E. hortense. Total 152 fresh water tishes (9 species) were examined, and Odontobutis obscura interrupta, Misgurnus angullicaudatus and Squalidus coreanus were found to harbour the metacercariae of E. hortense. Juvenile or adult E. hortense were expelled from 35 out of 54 cases treated with praziquantel. The number of worms per individual ranged from l to 649, with the average burden of 51. The eosinophil count of infected persons ranged 1-24 per cent (6 per cent in average). The number of eggs per day per worm (EPDPW) in human host was estimated about 1,478. The results showed that Chongsong-gun is an endemic area of E. hortense.
parasitology-helminth-tematoda ; Echinostoma hortense ; Hippeutis cantori ; epidemiology

The fresh water snail, Hippeutis(Helicorbis) cantori, caught from the rice paddies in Namyangju-gun, Gyeonggi-do, was found to be a new second intermediate host of E. cinetorchis in Korea. The metacercariae were found from 89(76.7 %) out of 116 snails examined and the average metacercarial burden was 4.7 per infected snails. Some developmental characteristics of E. cinetorchis were observed after experimental infection of the metacercariae to rats and mice.
parasitology-helminth-termatoda ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; Hippeutis cantori ; metacercaria ; epidemiology ; development

A human case of Echinostoma cinetorchis infection was found in Seoul Paik Hospital on August 1987. Large trematode eggs, 98.9 x 62.7 micro-m in average size, were detected in stool examination. The eggs had a small-sized operculum and abopercular wrinkling. After treatment with praziquantel(single dose of 16.2 mg/kg) and purgation with magnesium citrate, an adult fluke was collected. It was 8.0 mm long, equipped with 37 collar spines around head crown, and had only one testis just behind the Mehlis' gland. It was identified as E. cinetorchis Ando et Ozaki, 1923. The patient is an 18-year old man residing in Seoul, and was hospitalized due to nephritis. He had eaten raw meat juice of fresh water fishes such as top minnows(Oryzias latipes) and loaches, or tadpoles, which are considered possible souce of this fluke infection. This is the 4th human case of E. cinetorchis infection in Korea.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; case report ; echinostomiasis

The worm development and egg laying pattern of Echinostoma hortense(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were studied in albino rats and the brief clinical course was observed in human volunteers. A total of 21 rats were infected with 20-69 metecercariae each and two humans were with 7 and 27 metacercariae, which were collected from loaches. For recovery of worms, the rats were sacrificed at irregular intervals from the 6th to 150th day after infection and the human volunteers were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salt on the 26-27th day. The stools of the rats and humans were examined for the eggs. The results were as follows: The worm recovery rate from the rats was not affected by the increase of infection time but varied individually; 9.1-50.0% (31.1% in average). From humans, 14.3% and 37.0% (32.4% in average) of challenged were recovered. In the rats, it was revealed that the worms rapidly grew for the first 14 days to become 7.59 mm in average length and 1.17 mm in average width but the growth became much slower thereafer until the 150th day; 7.95 mm in length on the 21th day, 9.04 mm on the 28th day, 10.21 mm on the 49th day and 12.62 mm on the 150th day. During the early stage of infection, the growth of genital organs(male or female) was expressed as sigmoid curves whereas non-genital organs(such as suckers) was simply as straight lines. The prepatent period of this fluke was 10-12 days in the rats and 16-17 days in men. After the start of oviposition, the egg production by the worms remarkably increased, reached maximum on the 32-33th day, followed by decrease thereafter. The maximum value of E.P.G./worm was 390. The major subjective symptoms in human volunteers were abdominal pain and diarrhea during the early stage of infection. The results show that human is as susceptible as the rats to E. hortense infection and the amount of egg production in the rats is greatly affected by the age of worms.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinostoma hortense ; rat ; biology ; metacercaria