The wires for initial alignment purposes require a combination of excellent strength, excellent springiness, and a long rang of action. The variables in selecting appropriate arches for alignment are the arch wire material, its diameter, and the distance between attachments. The principle that there should be 0.02 inch clearance for initial wires means that an .016 diameter wire is the largest that should be considered for initial alignment in the .018 slot system. The three major possibilities for alignment arches are multistranded steel wires, nickel-titanium wires, and single-stranded steel wires with loops. The excellent choice for initial alignment in .018 bracket is .014 steel wire with loops.
Steel

A case of primary choriocarcinoma in the stomach of a 60-year-old male is herein presented. The tumor was diagnosed as a choriocarcinoma by histologic examination and the immunohistochemical method of endoscopic biopsy of a specimen. Serum alpha- fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin were found to be significantly elevated. Multiple distant metastasis of the liver, intraabdominal lymph nodes and malignant ascites were also discovered. The high alpha-fetoprotein level in the serum might have been due to the coexistence of embryonal cell carcinoma or hepatoid adenocarcinoma or both in the stomach.
Adenocarcinoma ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; Ascites ; Biopsy* ; Choriocarcinoma* ; Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Female ; Fetal Proteins ; Humans ; Liver ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Stomach

Primary malignant lymphomas of the lung are rare neoplasms representing 3.6% of all extranodal lymphomas and less than 1% of pulmonary malignancies, with its distinct clinicopathological features. A 60-year-old symptomatic man, who was a former non-smoker, had a cough and sputum. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomographic scan showed the presence of a posterior mass in the basal segment of the right lung. Transthoracic needle aspiration cytology was inadequate for the diagnosis of cancer. A subsequent right thoracotomy was carried out, which showed a primary pulmonary lymphoma of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.
Cough ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphoid Tissue* ; Lymphoma* ; Middle Aged ; Needles ; Sputum ; Thoracotomy ; Thorax

The aims of this study were to evaluate obesity-related dietary behaviors and to determine long-term exercise effects on obesity and blood lipid profiles in elderly Korean subjects. A total of 120 subjects, aged 60-75 yr, were recruited, and obesity-related dietary behaviors were determined. An exercise intervention was conducted with 35 qualified elderly females for 6 months, and body composition and blood lipids were measured 6 times at 4 week intervals. At baseline, mean BMI (kg/m2) was 24.8 for males and 23.1 for females. The females had better eating habits than the males and were more concerned with reading nutrition labels on food products (P < 0.001); they also preferred convenience foods less than the male subjects (P < 0.05). Obese individuals were more likely than overweight or normal weight individuals to misperceive their weight (P < 0.001). Those with a high BMI responded feeling more depressed (P < 0.01), lacking self-confidence (P < 0.01), and feeling isolated (P < 0.01), as well as having more difficulty doing outdoor activities (P < 0.01). After exercise, body fat (%) and WHR were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while body weight and BMI were also decreased without statistical significance. Total cholesterol and blood HDL were significantly improved (207.1 mg/dl vs. 182.6 mg/dl, HDL: 45.6 mg/dl vs. 50.6 mg/dl, P < 0.05). Other benefits obtained from exercise were improvements in self-confidence (26.4%), movement (22.6%), stress-relief (18.9%), and depression (13.2%). In conclusion, elderly females had better eating habits and were more concerned with nutrition information and healthy diets compared to elderly males. However, misperceptions of weight and obesity-related stress tended to be very high in females who were overweight and obese, which can be a barrier to maintain normal weight. Long-term Danhak practice, a traditional Korean exercise, was effective at reducing body fat (%) and abdominal obesity, and improved lipid profiles, self-confidence, and stress.
Adipose Tissue ; Aged ; Body Composition ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Depression ; Diet ; Eating ; Fast Foods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Overweight