Objective To obtain the intestines absorption of TPGS-CS/PTX polymeric micelles in rats, a drug-loaded micelle system was established by a kind of amphiphilic copolymer, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-chitosan (TPGS-CS) was prepared by grafting D-α-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as the donor of the micelle hydrophobic group on chitosan (CS) as bioadhesive material, and loading paclitaxel as model drug. Methods TPGS was activated by its hydroxy-terminal carboxylation with succinic anhydride (SA) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). The TPGS-CS copolymer was prepared by the amidation of free amino groups on CS. The chemical structure of the TPGS-CS grafted copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The polymer micelle loading paclitaxel was selected as model drug and TPGS-CS/PTX was prepared by ultrasonic emulsification method. The encapsulation efficacy (EE) and drug loading (DL) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The particle size, Zeta potential, and size distribution of the micelle system were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The surface morphology of the micelles was investigated by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vivo intestines absorption rate (Ka) of paclitaxel-loaded TPGS-CS micelle was calculated in rats. Results The results of FT-IR and 1H NMR indicated that the copolymer (TPGS-CS) was synthesized. The TEM result showed that the formed particles were uniform in shape without aggregation. The Ka of TPGS-CS/PTX was 20 percent higher in comparison to the reference preparation, it indicated that this polymeric micelles could increase bioavailability. Conclusion The proposed TPGS-CS copolymer was successfully synthesized in this experiment, and the drug-loaded micelles prepared by ultrasonic emulsification exhibited good characteristics compared with the reference preparation, the Ka of paclitaxel was increased to some extent to promote oral absorption of the drug.

Objective:To investigate the status of shift nurses′ circadian rhythm, sleep quality and job burnout in 3A-level hospitals, and analyze the influence of circadian rhythm and sleep quality on job burnout, so as to provide theoretical basis for reducing the level of job burnout of shift nurses.Methods:A total of 491 shift nurses were investigated with General Information Questionnaire, Circadian Type Questionnaire(CTI-11), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey(MBI-GS).Results:The Flexibility or Rigidity score of shift nurses was 10.64±4.14, the Languid or Vigorous score was 17.67±4.80, the PSQI score was 7.47±3.66, the MBI-GS score was 51.14±15.11. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that flexibility or rigidity, languid or vigorous, sleep quality were the influencing factors of emotional exhaustion( t value was 7.415, - 5.281, 7.153, P<0.01); flexibility or rigidity, languid or vigorous, sleep quality were the influencing factors of depersonalization ( t value was 4.828, - 4.079, 4.959, P<0.01); flexibility or rigidity was the influencing factors of professional efficacy( t value was - 3.887, P<0.01). Conclusions:The job burnout of shift nurses in Tianjin 3A-level hospitals were serious. The circadian rhythm and sleep quality are the important factors that affect the job burnout of shift nurses. According to the type of circadian rhythm and sleep quality of nurses, nursing managers can take personalized measures to reduce their level of job burnout.

The Kirkpatrick Model has been widely used in nursing staff training. This paper reviews the development, content and application of Coriolis evaluation model in nursing training, in order to provide reference for improving nursing training methods and improving the professional quality of nursing staff.

China ; Humans ; Pathology ; trends

A solution with different Cu supply levels was cultured to investigate gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in Elsholtzia splendens, a native Chinese Cu-tolerant and accumulating plant species. Increasing Cu from 0.25 to 500 micromol/L significantly enhanced levels of GABA and histidine (His), but considerably decreased levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) in the leaves. The leaf Asp level negatively correlated with leaf Cu level, while leaf GABA level positively correlated with leaf Cu level. The leaf Glu level negatively correlated with leaf GABA level in Elsholtzia splendens. The depletion of leaf Glu may be related to the enhanced synthesis of leaf GABA under Cu stress.
Copper ; toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Tolerance ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Lamiaceae ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Plant Leaves ; drug effects ; metabolism ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism

Cervical Vertebrae ; Humans ; Spinal Diseases ; diagnosis ; Surgeons

Objective : To investigate the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to examine the effects on life expectancy among residents in Yuhang District of Hangzhou City from 2010 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: The mortality surveillance data of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of registered residents in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020 were collected from Zhejiang All-cause Death Surveillance System. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, annual percent change ( APC ), Fulfillment index, life expectancy, cause-eliminated life expectancy and years of life lost, and the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the impact on life expectancy were analyzed. Results: A total of 21 761 deaths occurred due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, and the annual average crude and standardized mortality rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 206.14/105 and 129.62/105, respectively. The annual crude and standardized mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases both appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2010 to 2020, with APC of -3.63% and -5.45%, respectively ( P<0.05 ), and the Fulfillment index showed a tendency towards a reduction in residents at ages of 50 to 79 years ( P<0.05 ). The mean life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy were 82.71 and 88.39 years in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, which both appeared a tendency towards a rise, both with APC of 0.50% ( P<0.05 ). The years of life lost were 5.02 to 6.47 years due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the life loss rates were 6.00% to 7.73%. Conclusions The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases appeared a tendency towards a decline decreased and the cause-eliminated life expectancy appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020. Intensifying the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases death may increase the life expectancy.

Background Postoperative endophthalmitis following intraocular lens(IOL)implantation is still one of the most feared complications of cataract surgery.Bacterial adhesion to IOLs during their insertion is a prominent etiological factor.The adhesion characteristics of bacteria to IOL are very vital for the prevention of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.Objective The present study was to observe the in vitro adherence ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis to different intraocular lenses(IOLs)and compare the results in bacterial counting between scanning electron microscopy(SEM)photographs and quantitative cultures. Methods Five types of IOLs,including hydrophobic acrylic IOL,polymethylmethaerylate(PMMA)IOL,heparin-surface-modified(HSM) PMMA IOL,silicone(SI)IOL and hydrophilic acrylic IOL,were put into S.epidermidis(ATCC 12228)suspension for 1 hour.The bacterial adhesion numbers on the IOL surfaces were counted by quantitative cultures and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) photographs. Results Quantitative culture counting of viable adherent bacteria released by sonication showed that hydrophobic acrylic IOL and PMMA IOL were more likely for bacteria to attach.The number of bacteria on the five types of IOL surfaces showed significant differences(F=100.084,P=0.000).No significant differences were found in the number of bacteria between hydrophilic acrylic IOL and HSM-PMMA IOL (t=2.285,P=0.052)with the quantitative culture method.Direct counting of adherent bacteria in SEM photographs revealed that there were significant differences in bacterial adhesion numbers among difierent IOL material groups,with the numbers from high to low as follows:Hydrophobic IOL＞PMMA IOL＞SI IOL＞Hydrophilic IOL＞HSM-PMMA IOL(F=118.065,P=0.000).The counting method by SEM method was superior to that by quantitative cultures (t=5.019,P=0.000). Conclusion The bacterial adhesion ability varies upon the difference of IOL materials.Less bacterial adhesion is found on hydrophilic acrylic IOL and HSM-PMMA IOL,implying that the use of IOLs made from these two materials during surgery could diminish the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis and intraocular inflammation associated with IOLs implantation.

Objective: To study the optimal technological conditions of Ejiao granules by dry granulation. Methods: The effects of rolling wheel press, speed, and powder feeding rate on grain yield were studied, and the dry granulation technology for Ejiao granules was optimized using L9(34) orthogonal test. Results: The optimal granulating conditions for the roll pressure was 60-70 kgf/cm2, powder feeding rate was 17-19 r/min, and rolling speed was 10-12 r/min. Conclusion: The study on the dry granulation technology for Ejiao granules provides the experimental basis for industrial application and spread of dry granulation technology in Chinese animal medicines.

Animals ; Herbicides ; poisoning ; Humans ; Paraquat ; poisoning