OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean translation of Gambling Symptom Rating Scale (KG-SAS). METHODS: Using self-report sampling, we eventually included 231 subjects and analysed 70 subjects. These subjects were tested for KG-SAS and the Korean version of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). RESULTS: In the reliability test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .913 which provided the evidence for the internal consistency. Content validity was assessed with factor analysis and two factors were extracted. Compared with the original scale, both scales embody the same theoretical conceptualization. To assess the validity of the KG-SAS, correlation coefficient was calculated between the KG-SAS and the Korean version of BIS. We got the result that there was a correlation between the KG-SAS and the Korean version of BIS (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study support that the KG-SAS is a reliable and valid scale for evaluating pathological gambling symptom assessment. Based on the results, this study suggests that KG-SAS would be a promising measurement to treat and study pathological gambling.
Gambling* ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Symptom Assessment* ; Weights and Measures

To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from June to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun.; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%). Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity (VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.
Animals ; Anopheles/*parasitology ; Human ; Insect Vectors ; Korea ; Malaria, Vivax/parasitology/*transmission ; Parity ; Plasmodium vivax/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Population Density

To determine the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in a child psychiatric population, and to evaluate possible associations between types of abnormalities and patient's clinical characteristics, cytogenetic examination was performed on 604 patients. Demographic data, reasons for karyotyping, clinical signs, and other patient characteristics were assessed and correlated with the results from karyotyping. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 69 patients (11.3%); these were structural in 49 cases and numerical in 20. Inversion of chromosome nine was found in 15 subjects, trisomy of chromosome 21 in 11, and fragile X in five patients. When karyotyping was performed because of intellectual impairment or multiple developmental delay, significantly more abnormalities were found than average; when performed because autistic disorder was suspected, the number of abnormalities was significantly fewer. There were no differences in clinical variables between structural and numerical abnormalities, nor among nine types of chromosomal abnormalities, except that numerical abnormalities and polymorphism were found at a later age, and that walking was more delayed and IQ was lower in patients with Down syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities in child psychiatric populations; the close collaboration with geneticists and the use of more defined guidelines for cytogenetic investigation are important.
Adolescence ; Autistic Disorder/genetics ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities/genetics* ; Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/genetics* ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/genetics* ; Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis ; Human ; Karyotyping ; Male ; Mental Disorders/genetics* ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; Mental Retardation/genetics ; Mental Retardation/diagnosis

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C on the spleen of the mice. 5-fluorouracil (60 mg/kg) or mitomycin C (400 microgram/kg) were injected subcutaneously every other day, and the animals were sacrificed at 1 week and 2 weeks following the first injection. Pieces of the tissue were taken from the spleen, fixed in 10% neutral formalin for light microscopy. The paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson-trichrome, Bielschowsky's silver impregnation or aldehydefuchsin. For electron microscopy, the tissues were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde followed by post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. The ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The observed results were as follows: 1. On histological study, in the mitomycin C treated group, macrophages which contain pyknotic nuclei were observed more frequently than in those of 5-fluorouracil treated group. 2. In the 5-fluorouracil treated group, positive reactions to Masson-trichrome and Bielschowsky's silver impregnation were observed in the splenic capsule and traculae at the 1 week, and weak postive stains were observed at the 2 weeks. 3. In the mitomycin C and the 5-fluorouracil group, positive staining reaction to aldehyde-fuchsin were observed in splenic capsule, trabeculae and around artery at the 1 week and 2 weeks. 4. On the ultrastructural study, distended cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticula were observed frequently at 1 week. 5. In the mitomycin C treated group, myelin figures in the lymphocytes and reticular cells were observed more frequently than in those of 5-fluorouracil treated group. From the above results, it was concluded that lymphocytes and reticular cells of the spleen were slightly damaged by 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C, and mitomycin C seems more harmful on the spleen than 5-fluorouracil does.
Animals ; Arteries ; Citric Acid ; Coloring Agents ; Fluorouracil* ; Formaldehyde ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitomycin* ; Myelin Sheath ; Osmium Tetroxide ; Paraffin ; Silver ; Spleen*

The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of cGMP on hyperpolarization activated inward current (If), pacemaker current of the heart, in rabbit sino-atrial node cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. When sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 80 muM), which is known to activate guanylyl cyclase, was added, If amplitude was increased and its activation was accelerated. However, when If was prestimulated by isopreterenol (ISO, 1 muM), SNP reversed the effect of ISO. In the absence of ISO, SNP shifted activation curve rightward. On the contrary in the presence of ISO, SNP shifted activation curve in opposite direction. 8Br-cGMP (100 muM), more potent PKG activator and worse PDE activator than cGMP, also increased basal If but did not reverse stimulatory effect of ISO. It was probable that PKG activation seemed to be involved in SNP-induced basal If increase. The fact that SNP inhibited ISO-stimulated If suggested cGMP antagonize cAMP action via the activation of PDE. This possibility was supported by experiment using 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), non-specific PDE inhibitor. SNP did not affect If when If was stimulated by 20 muM IBMX. Therefore, cGMP reversed the stimulatory effect of cAMP via cAMP breakdown by activating cGMP-stimulated PDE. These results suggest that PKG and PDE are involved in the modulation of If by cGMP: PKG may facilitate If and cGMP-stimulated PDE can counteract the stimulatory action of cAMP.
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine ; Guanylate Cyclase ; Heart ; Nitroprusside ; Sinoatrial Node*

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C on the gastric parietal cells of mouse. 5 -fluorouracil (30 mg/kg) or mitomycin C (400 micro gram/kg) were injected subcutaneously every other day, and the animals were sacrificed at 4th day and 7th day following the first injection. Pieces of the tissue were taken from the stomach, prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde -1.5% paraformaldehyde, followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide. The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In both of the 5-fluorouracil or the mitomycin C treated groups, most parietal cells showed severely reduced luminal spaces of the intracellular canaliculi, since microvilli of intracellular canaliculi were very irregular shaped and nearly contacted with each other, and the cytoplasmic tubulovesicular membranes were disintegrated and indistinct. The changes in the 5-fluorouracil treated group were more indistinct than in those of the mitomycin C treated group. In the 5-fluorouracil treated group, balooning of the cytoplasm, focal cytolysis, myelin figures, lysosomes and multivesicular bodies in the parietal cells were observed more frequently than in those of the mitomycin C treated group. Above results suggest that the 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C treated animals might suffer from reduced acid secretion of the parietal cell, since the collapsed lumen of the intracellular canaliculi, the disintegration of the tubulovesicular membranes, and the reduction of cell organelles in the parietal cells are occurred within a few days following injections. 5-fluorouracil was proved more harmful on the parietal cell than mitomycin C does.
Animals ; Citric Acid ; Cytoplasm ; Fluorouracil* ; Gastric Mucosa ; Glutaral ; Lysosomes ; Membranes ; Mice* ; Microvilli ; Mitomycin* ; Multivesicular Bodies ; Myelin Sheath ; Organelles ; Osmium Tetroxide ; Parietal Cells, Gastric* ; Phenobarbital ; Rabeprazole ; Stomach

Since the early 2000s, there has been a continued interest in lie detection using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in neuroscience and forensic sciences, as well as in newly emerging fields including neuroethics and neurolaw. Related fMRI studies have revealed converging evidence that brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, and anterior insula are associated with deceptive behavior. However, fMRI-based lie detection has thus far not been generally accepted as evidence in court, as methodological shortcomings, generalizability issues, and ethical and legal concerns are yet to be resolved. In the present review, we aim to illustrate these achievements and limitations of fMRI-based lie detection.
Brain ; Deception* ; Forensic Sciences ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Lie Detection* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neurosciences* ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rabeprazole

In this experiment, side effects of three anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C and AG60) on the structure of spleen were histologically studied. Each of ICR mice was inoculated with 1X10(7) Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day, 0.2 ml of saline solution, 5-fluorouracil (30 mg/kg), mitomycin C (400 micorgram/kg), 5 mg/kg of AG60, or 30 mg/kg of AG60 (acriflavine (1) : guanosine (1) composition, Taerim Pharm. Co., Seoul, Korea) were injected subcutaneously every other day. The day following the 7th injection of anticancer drugs, each mouse was injected with a single dose of 0.7 microCi/gm of methyl-(3)H-thymidine (25 Ci/mmol, Amersham Lab., England) through tail vein. Seventy minutes after the thymidine injection, animals were sacrificed, and splenic tissues were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Tissue blocks were washed, dehydrated, embedded and cut into 6 micrometer-thick sections. Deparaffinized sections were coated with autoradiographic emulsion EM-1 (Amersham Lab., England) in the dark room and dried, and were kept in a light-tight box. The sections were exposured for 5 weeks in the dark room, and were deveoped in D-19 developer. The number of the labeled cells in the areas of the white pulp, the red pulp and the marginal zone (mean number of labeled cells per 0.21 mm2) were observed and calculated. The results were as follow: 1. On histological study, in the spleen of mitomycin C treated group, vacuoles containing pyknotic nuclei were observed more frequently than in those of 5-fluorouracil treated group. Whereas in the AG60 treated group, morphological changes of the spleen were not observed. 2. On autoradiographic study, most of the labeled cells were located near the marginal zone of the spleen. 3. On autoradiographic study, number of the labeled cells of normal control, experimental control, 5-fluorouracil-treated, mitomycin C-treated, AG60 (5 mg/kg)-, and AG60 (30 mg/kg)-treated groups were 214.0+/-56.87, 235.7+/-59.69, 331.0+/-67.20, 137.0+/-33.48, 124.6+/-34.28, and 64.9+/-16.26, respectively. 4. In the mitomycin C treated group and AG60 (5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) treated group, labeled cells containing a few silver grains of (3)H-thymidine were observed more frequently than in those of the normal and experimental control groups. But in the 5-fluorouracil treated group, number of the heavy labeled cells were observed more frequently than in those of the normal and experimental control groups. From the above results, DNA synthesis, in the cells of the marginal zone were more active than in the cells of the white pulp or the red pulp. And mitomycin C and AG60 may suppress the DNA synthesis of the splenic tissues. Especially, AG60 does not results any histological defect on the splenic tissues. These result suggest that AG60 is expected as one of most effective anticancer drugs.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents* ; Edible Grain ; DNA ; Fluorouracil ; Formaldehyde ; Guanosine ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mitomycin ; Seoul ; Silver ; Sodium Chloride ; Spleen* ; Thymidine ; Vacuoles ; Veins

In this study, the structural components of mouse spleen were compared during their aging processes. Splenic tissues of 1 week-, 5 weeks-, 8 weeks-, 6 months-, 12 months-, 18 months-, 24 months-, and 30 months-old ICR mice were dissected out under anesthesia. Pieces of the tissues were taken from the spleen, fixed in 10% neutral formalin for light microscopy, and some splenic tissues, were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. Paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Bielschowsky's silver impregnation or aldehyde-fuchsin, were observed with light microscope. Ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with a JEM 100CX-II electron microscope. The observed results were as follow: 1. The thickness of the splenic capsule was prominently increased between 1 week-old and 5 weeks-old ones, whereas after 5 weeks-old, the thickness was very slightly increased during aging. 2. In the 1 week-old, 5 weeks-old and 8 weeks-old mice, blood forming cells were observed more frequently than those found in older ones. 3. The collagenous fibers and elastic fibers were increased in the spleens of 12 months-old mice, whereas after 18 months-old, fibers were not increased during aging. 4. The reticular fibers were increased by 8 weeks, whereas fibers were not increased afterwards. 5. In the 1-week old, mast cells were observed frequently, whereas from 5 weeks to 6 months they were observed rarely, and after 12 months, mast cells were observed frequently. 6. In the 5-weeks old, distended cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticula were first observed within the plasma cells. 7. After 12 months, the mast cell containing phagocytosed debris were observed frequently. 8. After 18 months, the plasma cell containing irregular distended cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticula were observed frequently. 9. In 30 months, the plasma cells containing myelin figures were observed frequently. From the above results, it was suggested that spleen of the mouse matures structurally in five weeks, but the function of the spleen is suppressed around 18 months, and thereafter the functional suppression is continued on aging.
Aging ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Child, Preschool ; Citric Acid ; Collagen ; Elastic Tissue ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Infant ; Mast Cells ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Myelin Sheath ; Osmium Tetroxide ; Paraffin ; Plasma Cells ; Reticulin ; Silver ; Spleen*

Radix Polygalae (RP) has been used to relieve psychological stress in traditional oriental medicine. Recently, cell protective, antiamnestic and antidepressant-like effects were disclosed but the possible application of RP to post-traumatic stress disorder, in which exaggerated fear memory persists, has not yet been explored. For this purpose, the effects of RP on fear behavior was examined in a mouse model of single prolonged stress and conditioned fear (SPS-CF), previously shown to mimic key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Male mice received daily oral dose of RP extract or vehicle during the SPS-CF procedure. Then fear-related memory (cohort 1, n=25), non-fear-related memory (cohort 2, n=38) and concentration-dependent effects of RP on fear memory (cohort 3, n=41) were measured in 3 separate cohort of animals. Also working memory and anxiety-like behaviors were measured in cohort 1. RP-treated SPS-CF mice exhibited attenuated contextual but not cued freezing and no impairments in the working memory and spatial reference memory performances relative to vehicle-treated SPS-CF controls. RP-treated SPS-CF and naive mice also demonstrated no difference in anxiety-like behavior levels relative to vehicle-treated SPS-CF and naive controls, respectively. In the hippocampus of SPS-CF mice, expression of BAG1, which regulates the activity of GR, was decreased, whereas RP increased expression of BAG1 in naïve and SPS-CF mice. These results suggest that RP exerts some symptomatic relief in a mouse with exaggerated fear response. RP and its molecular components may thus constitute valuable research targets in the development of novel therapeutics for stress-related psychological disorders.
Animals ; Anxiety ; Cohort Studies ; Freezing ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Memory ; Memory, Short-Term ; Mice* ; Polygala* ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic ; Stress, Psychological