BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis was discovered less than 10 years ago. Its symptoms and characteristics are not well-defined yet. We experienced a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with phonemic paraphasia and acalculia that were not classical characteristics. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old woman started to show dyslexia, phonemic paraphasia, and dyscalculia. These symptoms were gradually worsening for over 30 days. Various brain images were not helpful for primary diagnosis. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was confirmed in two different laboratories. The patient started to recover with various immunosuppressive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can have various symptoms, including phonemic paraphasia and acalculia.
Adult ; Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis* ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Dyscalculia ; Dyslexia* ; Encephalitis ; Female ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo review the major achievements in dyslexia in Chinese characters, hoping to give some clues for future studies.

DATA SOURCESBoth Chinese and English language literature search using PUBMED, and original articles published in main Chinese and international journals.

STUDY SELECTIONAfter reviewing the literature, 54 articles were selected that specifically addressed the stated purpose.

RESULTSThe results of studies about the subtypes, cerebral basis, reading processing model, event-related potential (ERP) and saccadic features between English and Chinese dyslexia are different.

CONCLUSIONSIn the last ten years, great progress has been made in the study of dyslexia in Chinese characters. However, there are still many problems and shortcomings which need to be investigated.

Cognition ; Dyslexia ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Reading ; Saccades

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop the computerized Comprehensive Learning Test-Reading (CLT-R) to evaluate the cognitive processes and achievements related to their basic reading ability and identify dyslexia in children and adolescents in South Korea. We also obtained the normative data and evaluated the reliability and validity of the test. METHODS: We developed the CLT-R, including the word attack/nonword decoding, paragraph reading, sound blending, nonword repetition, rapid automatized naming, letter-sound matching, visual attention, orthography awareness, and digit span tests, for the purpose of diagnosing dyslexia. We investigated the reliability and validity of the tests and gathered the normative data from 399 subjects (male 48.9%), aged 5-14 years, from the last grade in kindergarten to middle school, dwelling in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. RESULTS: No statistical differences were observed between the means of the tests and retests of the CAT. The mean of the correlation coefficient of the test-retest scores was 0.85. According to the construct validity test calculated by principal constant analysis using the oblique rotation method, 4 factors explained 70.0% of the cumulative variances. In addition, the normative data were obtained for all of the CLT-R subtests. CONCLUSION: The computerized CLT-R can be used as a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the reading achievement and reading related cognitive process in Korean children and adolescents in schools, clinics, and research institutes.
Academies and Institutes ; Adolescent* ; Animals ; Cats ; Child* ; Diagnosis* ; Dyslexia* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning* ; Methods ; Reading ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seoul

PURPOSE: To discriminate the visual symptoms and signs of Meares-Irlen syndrome (MIS) and nonspecific dyslexia from other ophthalmologic diseases (NODs). METHODS: Forty-five patients were enrolled. Thirty four of the patients with MIS whose symptoms improved with tinted lenses comprised MIS group. The other 11 patients whose reading difficulty improved with other ocular therapy and did not require tinted lenses comprised NODs group. The main symptoms causing dyslexia and associated ocular diseases were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 17.9 +/- 9.5 years in MIS group, and 19.3 +/- 11.0 years in NODs group. In MIS group, the most common symptoms while reading were difficulty to move lines (85%), doubling (53%), and difficulty in bright condition (27%). On the other hand, blurring was the most common symptom in NODs group (45%). The associated ocular diseases in the two groups were refractive error (79% and 73%), dry eye (29% and 18%), and exophoria (6% and 27%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Doubling, difficulty to move lines, and difficulty in bright condition while reading are main specific symptoms in MIS compared to nonspecific dyslexia from other ophthalmologic disorders.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Color ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dyslexia/*diagnosis ; Eyeglasses ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Night Vision ; Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/therapy ; Reading ; Refractive Errors/diagnosis/therapy ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Syndrome ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis/therapy ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To investigate patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation during sentence reading before and after wearing color-tinted lenses. METHODS: A total of 15 Meares-Irlen syndrome patients with a mean age of 23.4 years (range, 13 to 42 years) with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders were scanned using a 3T MR scanner (Siemens, Tim-Trio, Germany). Each patient underwent two sessions of fMRI imaging (before and after MISViS color-tinted lens application). The fMRI paradigm included a block design of 20 seconds of rest (cross), 20 seconds of activation (sentence reading), and ten blocks (a total of 200 echo-planar image volumes) repeated for each session. Data preprocessing and analyses were performed using the SPM8 software package. RESULTS: The reading speed of patients improved more than 20% while wearing the selected lenses. When compared to the before-lens session, the after-lens session identified significant regions of activation in the left middle and superior temporal gyri (paired t-test; maximal z score, 5.38; Montreal Neurological Institute coordinate, -60 / -39 / 0; threshold at p < 0.05; corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error). No region of activation at the same threshold was found in the before-lens session as compared to the after-lens session. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, we confirmed activation in the left middle and superior temporal gyri during sentence reading after wearing color-tinted lenses. These results could explain the effectiveness of color-tinted lenses in patients with Meares-Irlen syndrome.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/*pathology/physiopathology ; Color Perception/*physiology ; Dyslexia/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; *Eyeglasses ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Male ; Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Pilot Projects ; Reading ; Syndrome ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Young Adult