Gerstmann syndrome that was caused by a traumatic origin was very rare. We have reported a case of typical Gerstmann syndrome which was caused by a localized head injury. The case showed finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, acalculia and dysgraphia. And also the case revealed amnesic dysphasia and autotopagnosia. The lesion was an egg-shell typed depressed fracture(4 cm in diameter) of the left inferior parietal bone associated with the intracerebral hematoma in the lower parietal lobe which seemed to be the transitional area of the angular gyrus and the second occipital convolution.
Agnosia ; Agraphia ; Aphasia ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Dyscalculia ; Gerstmann Syndrome* ; Hematoma ; Parietal Bone ; Parietal Lobe

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis was discovered less than 10 years ago. Its symptoms and characteristics are not well-defined yet. We experienced a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with phonemic paraphasia and acalculia that were not classical characteristics. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old woman started to show dyslexia, phonemic paraphasia, and dyscalculia. These symptoms were gradually worsening for over 30 days. Various brain images were not helpful for primary diagnosis. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was confirmed in two different laboratories. The patient started to recover with various immunosuppressive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can have various symptoms, including phonemic paraphasia and acalculia.
Adult ; Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis* ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Dyscalculia ; Dyslexia* ; Encephalitis ; Female ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to develop a computerized test to measure the level of mathematic achievement and related cognitive functions in children and adolescents in South Korea. METHODS: The computerized Comprehensive Learning Test-Mathematic (CLT-M) consists of the whole number computation test, enumeration of dot group test, number line estimation test, numeral comparing test (magnitude/distance), rapid automatized naming test, digit span test, and working memory test. To obtain the necessary data and to investigate the reliability and validity of this test, 399 children and adolescents from kindergarten to middle school were recruited. RESULTS: The internal consistency reliability of the CLT-M was high (Cronbach's alpha=0.76). Four factors explained 66.4% of the cumulative variances. In addition, the data for all of the CLT-M subtests were obtained. CONCLUSION: The computerized CLT-M can be used as a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the level of mathematical achievement and associated cognitive functions in Korean children and adolescents. This test can also be helpful to detect mathematical learning disabilities, including specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics, in Korea.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Cognition ; Dyscalculia ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Learning Disorders ; Mathematics* ; Memory, Short-Term ; Reproducibility of Results ; Specific Learning Disorder

Gerstmann's syndrome, assigned to a lesion of the dominant parietal lobe, is a neurological disorder characterized by acalculia, agraphia, right-left disorientation and finger agnosia. Some studies report that these symptoms are also shown in other brain lesions. We report two patients who presented with this tetrad of symptoms in initial assessment. Their Brain MRI images both showed lesion of left frontal lobe. Over time, these symptoms became better but some still remained in last assessment. Accordingly, we suggest that a left frontal lesion cause Gerstmann's syndrome.
Agnosia ; Agraphia ; Brain ; Dyscalculia ; Frontal Lobe* ; Gerstmann Syndrome* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nervous System Diseases ; Parietal Lobe

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the prevalence of reading and mathematical learning disabilities of students at primary schools in Jeju Island, South Korea. We examined major causes of learning disabilities including reading disorder, mathematical disorder, attention deficit, and other causes including socioemotional factors. METHODS: We conducted screening processes to 659 participants (340 male, 51%) in 4 elementary schools in Jeju Island. To identify the causes of learning problems, 84 children were administered tests such as the Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition, the Comprehensive Learning Test-Reading/Math, and the Comprehensive Attention Test. RESULTS: This study found that 13% of elementary school students in the Jeju region had learning disabilities. Among learning disabilities, specific reading and mathematical disorders accounted for 9% of study subjects. In addition, 2% of participants had intellectual impairment and 1% had other causes such as socioemotional factors. 65% of children with learning disabilities and 74% of children with reading or mathematic disorders had concurrent attention deficit disorder. 68% of children with reading disorders also had comorbid mathematical disorder. CONCLUSION: The prevalence, causes, and comorbidity of reading and mathematical learning disabilities of students in Jeju Island, South Korea did not differ from those in foreign countries. Because most learning disabilities are complex, comprehensive evaluations and tailored interventions are necessary to help children with learning disabilities.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child* ; Comorbidity ; Dyscalculia ; Dyslexia ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Korea ; Learning Disorders* ; Learning* ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Mathematics ; Prevalence*

Crossed aphasia refers to language disturbance induced by unilateral right hemisphere (non-language dominant) injury in right-handed people who had no previous history of brain damage. Crossed aphasia occurs in less than 2 percent who developed a aphasia. We report a case of a 49-year-old right handed man with language disturbance after right middle cerebral infarction. He showed nonfluent crossed aphasia with Gerstman syndrome such as right-left disorientation, finger agnosia, acalculia and agraphia, but not with apraxia and neglect. At 7 weeks after onset, language function indicated improvement in spontaneous speech and at 19 weeks after onset, improvement in spontaneous speech, comprehension, repetition, naming and reading.
Agnosia ; Agraphia ; Aphasia* ; Apraxias ; Brain ; Cerebral Infarction ; Comprehension ; Dyscalculia ; Hand ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Middle Aged

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a novel brain stimulation technique which has kindled hope in alleviating motor, language as well as cognitive deficits in neuronal injury. Current case report describes application of tDCS in two phases using two different protocols in a patient with hypoxic injury. In the first phase anodal stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improved the language fluency. Subsequently, after 6 months second phase application of anodal stimulation over posterior parietal region targeted arithmetic and working memory deficits. Individualising the treatment protocols of brain stimulation, based on the lesion and the functional deficits, for neuro-rehabilitation is emphasised.
Brain ; Clinical Protocols ; Cognition Disorders ; Dyscalculia ; Hope ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neurons ; Parietal Lobe ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rehabilitation ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation