Objectives: The study investigated the association between indoor air pollution (IAP) and risk factors for acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms in children under 5 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data derived from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey in 2017. Binary logistic regression modeling was employed to examine each predictor variable associated with ARI among children under 5 years of age in Indonesia. Results: The study included a total of 4936 households with children. Among children under 5 years old, 7.2% reported ARI symptoms. The presence of ARI symptoms was significantly associated with the type of residence, wealth index, and father’s smoking frequency, which were considered the sample’s socio-demographic characteristics. In the final model, living in rural areas, having a high wealth index, the father’s smoking frequency, and a low education level were all linked to ARI symptoms. Conclusions The results revealed that households in rural areas had a substantially higher level of reported ARI symptoms among children under 5 years old. Furthermore, the father’s smoking frequency and low education level were associated with ARI symptoms.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is a major mediator of infection. The light based therapy is still not adequate to eradicate biofilm caused by Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). The Ultra Violet (UV) irradiation has high energy and sufficient to penetrate a tissue. This study aims to investigate the effect of combination of UV LED irradiation and blue laser on the biofilm. Methods: The pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 approximated 108 CFU/mL or 1.0 McFarland Standard was used for this study. The biofilm sample was placed onto micro plate for 48 hours. The treatment group was divided into 3 groups, which were blue laser group, UV LED group and UV-Blue laser group. Results: The results showed that the highest biofilm reduction (80.57 ± 0.77) % was treated by blue laser irradiation for 4 minutes and UV irradiation for 20 s. Conclusion: Thus, the combination UV LED and Blue laser is the best choice to eradicate more biofilm.