Since the medical model was changed in China, our hygiene hasn't got the predicted achievement. It indicates that there is specific regularity and systematic connection between the development of health service and people's health level, which cannot be explained only by simply one medical model. The development of medicine needs a brand new theory-scientific view of health. It is abundant in content. People's health is one of the most important indexes of the development of the society. It's the ruling party, the government and the whole society's responsibility to promote people's health. A healthy society, which can promote people's health, should be constructed by the harmonious development and reform of politics, economy and culture.

Objective To explore the prescribing patterns of outpatients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in rural Western China and to identify the correlation in terms of doctors and patients characteristics. Methods Totally 7678 prescriptions for URTIs were collected from 680 primary health village clinics of 40 counties across 10 provinces of Western China. Two outcome variables were used in the analysis: the occurrence of prescribing at least one antibiotic drug for an URTI and the occurrence of prescribing two or more antibiotics for an URTI. GEE logistic regression models were used to examine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the above two outcome variables. Results The percentage of prescribing at least one antibiotic for URTIs was 48.6% while the percentage of prescribing antibiotic combination (two or more antibiotics) was 4.6%. The two measurements of antibiotic utilization differed remarkably among the 10 provinces. Patients diagnosed with tonsillitis and faucitis had higher odds (OR=8.86 for tonsillitis and OR=4.64 for faucitis) of antibiotic prescription than patients with other diagnosis of URTIs. Patients with tonsillitis and faucitis also had higher odds (OR=3.82 for tonsillitis and OR=2.71 for faucitis) of multiple antibiotic prescription than those with other diagnosis of URTIs. The number of drugs per prescription and injection in prescriptions were also significant predictors of antibiotic and multiple antibiotic utilization for URTIs. Conclusion It is concluded that the percentage of antibiotic prescription for URTIs is higher in rural Western China than in most of other countries with available data and that prescriptions of antibiotics for URTIs are associated with residence regions of patients, URTI diagnosis and background information on drug prescription.

Background: Prediabetes leads to declines in physical function in older adults, but the impact of prediabetes progression or regression on physical function is unknown. This study assessed this longitudinal association, with physical function objectivelymeasured by grip strength, walking speed, and standing balance, based on the Health and Retirement Study enrolling United States adults aged >50 years. Methods: Participants with prediabetes were followed-up for 4-year to ascertain prediabetes status alteration (maintained, regressed, or progressed), and another 4-year to assess their impacts on physical function. Weak grip strength was defined as <26 kg for men and <16 kg for women, slow walking speed was as <0.8 m/sec, and poor standing balance was as an uncompleted fulltandem standing testing. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Of the included 1,511 participants with prediabetes, 700 maintained as prediabetes, 306 progressed to diabetes, and 505 regressed to normoglycemia over 4 years. Grip strength and walking speed were declined from baseline during the 4-year followup, regardless of prediabetes status alteration. Compared with prediabetes maintenance, prediabetes progression increased the odds of developing weak grip strength by 89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 2.44) and exhibited larger declines in grip strength by 0.85 kg (95% CI, –1.65 to –0.04). However, prediabetes progression was not related to impairments in walking speed or standing balance. Prediabetes regression also did not affect any measures of physical function. Conclusion Prediabetes progression accelerates grip strength decline in aging population, while prediabetes regression may not prevent physical function decline due to aging.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of Lab4 probiotic and vitamin C combination on the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) was investigated in two studies with children. Our objective was to pool dataset of 57 preschool children from the PROCHILD study (ISRCTN28722693) and the dataset of 50 preschool matched cohort from the PROCHILD-2 study (ISRCTN26587549) to evaluate the impact of probiotic/vitamin C combination on the prevention of upper respiratory tract symptoms and provide a more robust assessment of effect using detailed individual level data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The children were supplemented daily for 6 months with either the multistrain probiotic (1.25×10 10 cfu/tablet consisting of two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 and CUL60, Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CUL34) plus 50 mg vitamin C or a placebo. RESULTS: In the pooled analysis of the individual participant data (per protocol population), significant reductions were observed for the incidence (−25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66, 0.85; P < 0.0001) and duration (−14.9 days; 95% CI, −24.8, −5.1; P = 0.0030) of typical URTI symptoms in the active group compared with the placebo. The incidence rates of absenteeism from preschool (IR ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66, 0.86; P < 0.0001), paediatric visits (IR ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.47; 0.68; P < 0.0001) and antibiotic usage (IR ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.39, 0.71; P < 0.0001) were also significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The pooled analysis findings of comparable preschool cohorts from two studies indicate that the supplementation with probiotic and vitamin C combination is beneficial in the prevention and management of URTI symptoms.