On the whole, the major impetus for the institutionalization of public hygiene in Korea came from two directions. On one hand, the self-enlightened intellectuals had introduced a variety of Western ideas and theories on public hygiene since the mid-eighteenth century. On the other hand, Japan strongly influenced the modern systems of Korean health care and medical education, especially through Japanese efforts at the sanitary control of infectious diseases such as smallpox and cholera. The institutionalization of Korea's public hygiene in this period corresponded not to the high ideas of the progressive intellectuals but to the larger social and institutional changes caused by the major political events. Ideas of public hygiene were institutionalized as a powerful strategy of linking the imperial capital and colonial domains.
Colonialism/*history ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Politics ; Public Health/*history ; Sanitation/*history ; Western World

BACKGROUND: Recently preventive clinical care has been proved important to the health. A number of recommendations or programs for preventive health services have been developed. The government made laws for health promotion of the people and for medical check-up for the insured in the district medical insurance association, who had been alienated from reimbursement for periodic health examination. As a result, above 95% of Korean people could took the periodic health check-up by this legislation. According to the national data, however, about 20% of the insured participated in the health screening program which was carried for the first time by the district medical insurance association in 1995. The reason that the compliance of health screening program was much lower than expected has not been clear yet. The purpose of this study is to define the facors affecting on the compliance of the health screening program. METHODS: Two hundreds of compliers and as many non-compliers of the health screening program was selected by the stratified sampling in one district medical insurance association which consisted of one town and eight township within the National Capital region. The telephone survey was performed from June 1 to 15 in 1996. The questionnaire was framed by health belief model with other demographic data. The data was analyzed by chisquare test, wilcoxon rank sums test, and logistic regression for the comparison of the characteristics between compliers and non-compliers. RESULTS: There was no difference of demographic data and medical history of chronic disease between compliers and non-compliers. 73.3% of the subjects knew they had been the expectant examinee of the health examination, and among them, 68% took the health examination. However, 53% of non-compliers did not know that they had been the expectant examinee. The most common reason that non-compliers didnt took the health examination was they didnt know(43.5%). Among 73 families of compliers which had more than 2 expectant examinees of the health screening program, 44 families(60.3%) had more complier other than study subjects. In contrast, among 74 families of non-compliers, only 7 famiies(9.5%) had more complier other than study subjects. Compliers showed lower reliability of the health screening program than non-compliers. Non-compliers had more perception about the severity of the target disease for the examination and had more confidence about self health status than compliers. There was no difference of the answer about the benefit of the health examination, perceived susceptibility about target disease, cue to action, and perceived barriers. The odds ratio of compliance of other family member was 21.2, perceived severity, 0.70, and cue to action, 1.36. CONCLUSIONS: The main reason of low compliance of health screening program for the insured in the district mecical insurance association was lack of public information. By the fact that non-compliers had more perception about the severity of the target disease and there was no difference of perceived benefit of the health examination between two groups, public information should be focused on the benefit and efficacy of periodic health check-up than severity and susceptibility of target disease. Because the health screening program on study subjects was carried for the firt time, only compliers had experience of the examination. The fact that compliers relied on the examination less than noncompliers meant that the examinees was satisfied much less than expected. Therefore, further study of the expectation of the examinees about the health examination is expected.
Chronic Disease ; Compliance* ; Cues ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Insurance* ; Jurisprudence ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening* ; Odds Ratio ; Preventive Health Services ; Telephone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The effect of vitreous hemorrhage on the retinal structures was studied in twenty young adult pigmented rabbits weighing 2 to 3kgs. The autologous blood was injected intra-vitreally in one eye of the animals. Five animals of each group were sacrificed for light and electron microscopic studies of the retina near the visual streak in the posterior pole in one week, two weeks, one month and two months. In light microscopy of the rabbit retina, hemosiderin-laden macrophages are located in the vitreous cavity. Iron stain positive particles are present in the retina, particularly in the pigment epithelium. These particles are also scattered in the retina after two weeks on. By electron microscopy, there is no significant ultrastructural change in one week. Swelling of mitochondria in the bipolar and Miiller cells, and in the inner segments of the cone cells are noted along with disarrangement of disc stacking in 2 weeks. Many myelin figures appear in the cytoplasm of the inner segments of visual sells, outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers. Hemosiderin pigments appear in the pigment cells and in the cytoplasm Muller cells. In inner nuclear layer, a necrotizing cell demonstrates pyknotic nucleus and focal cytoplasmic degradation in one month. Hemosiderin pigments are present in ganglion cells, Miiller cells and pigment epithelial cells. Disc stacking is altered in outer segment of the visual cells, and the pigment epithelial cell demonstrate increased engulfment of outer segment of visual cells in two months. However, the electrophysiological study with ERG do not demonstrate any abnormality.
Animals ; Cytoplasm ; Ependymoglial Cells ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Ganglion Cysts ; Hemosiderin ; Humans ; Iron ; Macrophages ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria ; Myelin Sheath ; Rabbits ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde* ; Vitreous Hemorrhage* ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Pancreatitis, Chronic*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) an lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients with refractory lateral epicondylitis were treated with shock waves. The patients were evaluated by assessing of pain using visual analog scale (VAS) and a simple elbow test (SET). Overall clinical outcomes were evaluated using Roles and Maudsley scores at 12 months after ESWT. RESULTS: Significant symptom improvement were observed in 20 (83%) patients at the 12 months follow up according to the Roles and Maudesley scores. Average SET and VAS scores were also significantly improved after ESWT (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that shock waves therapy could be considered as an effective and noninvasive treatment modality for refractory lateral epicondylitis of the elbow.
Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Shock ; Tennis Elbow* ; Tennis* ; Visual Analog Scale

We report two cases of angiokeratoma circumcriptum. One of them was 20 year- old male, who had multiple dark erythematous 0.5 cm to 2 cm sized keratotic papules and nodules surrounding irregular shaped erythema scattered or grouped on the right lower leg. The other case was 36 year-old male, who had Q. 7 cm sized dark erythematous papules and 2 cm sized dark brown colored nodule with central ulceration on the medial part of the left upper thigh, The two patients had skin lesions at birth. Histopathologic finding disclosed markedly dilated vessels containing many red blood cells mainly in the papillary dermis, which in some, were surrounded by elongated rete ridge. Cavernous hemangioma like lesion was present in the lower dermis and subcutaneous fat in case 2.
Adult ; Angiokeratoma* ; Dermis ; Erythema ; Erythrocytes ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Parturition ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Thigh ; Ulcer

BACKGROUND: Women with end-stage renal disease have low fertility. Following renal transplantation, the reproductive function returns to normal, and pregnancy becomes possible. METHOD: At our medical center, between June 1990 and February 1998, 263 female patients underwent renal transplantations, and 14 of them later became pregnant. The outcomes from 23 pregnancies in these 14 kidney transplant recipients were analyzed. RESULT: Forty-three percent (43%) of the pregnancies ended in artificial (9 cases) or spontaneous abortion (1 case), and 11 of 13 deliveries were successful. A vaginal delivery was performed in 9 cases (69%) and a cesarian section was done in 4 cases (31%). All of the 11 pregnancies that continued over 30 weeks ended successfully. The mean age of the recipients at the first pregnancy was 29.4 +/- 4.6 years (23-37). The mean time to first pregnancy since renal transplantation was 22.6 +/- 12.3 months (1-50). Thirteen (13) recipients were maintained on cyclosporin-based immunosuppressive regimens before and during pregnancy. One recipient, who was considered to have developed immune tolerance later, stopped the immunosuppressive drug at 3 months prior to the first pregnancy. The renal function remained stable and unchanged in all the recipients, and no rejection episodes occurred during and after pregnancy in any of the recipients. Preeclamsia occurred in 8 cases (35%) and a previous rupture of membrane in 1 case (4%). Of the 11 live births, 4 (36%) were premature (<37 weeks), 1 (9%) had a lowbirth-weight (<2500 gm), 1 (9%) had transient apnea, and 3 (27%) had transient neutropenia. The mean Apgar score at 1 minute was 7.8 (7-9), with only 2 children having a score below 7. No congenital anomalies were documented. The later development and health of all of the children were good during a mean follow-up of 16.6 +/- 10 (1-38) months. Two (2) recipients who had a successful first pregnancy had a second baby. CONCLUSION: From these results, we can conclude that pregnancy does not adversely affect graft function and fetal development, provided that the graft function was stable at the time of conception and prudent fetal monitoring could be done.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Apgar Score ; Apnea ; Child ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization ; Fetal Development ; Fetal Monitoring ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Kidney ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Kidney Transplantation ; Live Birth ; Membranes ; Neutropenia ; Pregnancy* ; Rupture ; Transplantation ; Transplants

We describe a case of 43-year-old man who had a pseudoaneurysm of the medial superior genicular artery after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy with standard anterolateral and anteromedial portals. Pseudoaneurysm of the medial superior genicular artery has been reported at the previous superomedial portal site after arthroscopy. Described herein is a unique case that involved the medial superior genicular artery at the previous anteromedial portal site after arthroscopy. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with transcatheter embolization.
Adult ; Aneurysm, False/*etiology ; Arteries ; Arthroscopy/*adverse effects/methods ; Humans ; Knee/*blood supply ; Male ; Menisci, Tibial/*surgery

BACKGROUND: In South Korea, indigenous malaria has been reappeared since 1993 and more than 350 cases diagnosed in 1996. For the diagnosis of malaria the classic methods such as thin and thick blood smears with Giemsa or Wright stain has been routinely used. Since recently fluorochrome staining has been shown to be more sensitive, easy to do, and less time-consuming, we applied the new method, Acridine orange stain, for diagnosis of clinically suspected cases. METHODS: Thin and thick blood smears were prepared from civilian patients of Kyunggi Province (n=20) and Republic Of Korea army patients pre- (n=67) and post-treatment (n=13) of malaria. The slides were fixed by methanol and stained by either Giemsa or Acridine orange solution (10-50 g/mL). For comparison, an expert on malaria diagnosis examined them by light and fluorescent microscope, respectively. RESULT: Acridine orange stain was found to be a rapid technique, and as sensitive (83%) as thick smears (83%) for diagnosis of malaria. The detection limit of acridine orange stain was 23.5 parasites/ul of blood. The staining time was much shorter (30 sec) than that of Giemsa stain (30-60min). CONCLUSION: Acridine orange stain is evaluated as a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for malaria diagnosis compared with Giemsa stain.
Acridine Orange* ; Azure Stains ; Diagnosis* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Limit of Detection ; Malaria* ; Methanol ; Republic of Korea

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution "R" was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative ananlysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography. Thirty subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Removable appliances were constructed for the subjects, and the enamel specimen with incipient caries were embedded in the appliances. The subjects wore the intra-oral appliance for 15 days except while eating and sleeping. The removable appliance were soaked in supersaturated solution "R", saline, or Senstime(R) to expose the specimen to those solutions three times a day, 5 minutes each time. After 15 days, microradiography was retaken to compare and evaluate remineralization. The results were as the following: 1. The ratio of remineralized area to demineralized area was significantly higher in the supersaturated solution "R" and Senstime(R) than in the saline. (p<0.05) 2. Remineralization in the supersaturated buffer solution "R" occurred in the significantly deeper parts of the tooth, compared to the Senstime(R) group containing high concentration of fluoride.(p<0.05) As in the above results, the remineralization effect of remineralized buffer solution "R" on incipient enamel caries has been proven. For clinical utilization, further studies on soft tissue reaction and the effect on dentin and cementum are necessary. In conclusion compared to commercially available fluoride solution, remineralization solution "R" showed better remineralization effect on early enamel caries lesion, so it is considered as effecient solution for clinical application.
Bacteria ; Chronic Disease ; Dental Caries ; Dental Cementum ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Eating ; Fluorides ; Microradiography ; Tooth