Anatomically olecranon fracture is an intra-articular fracure, so reduction must be exact. Using the principle of Zuggurtungsosteosynthese by Weber, Pauwels' clinical study of olecranon fracture showed the superiority of tension band. 15 patients with olecranon fracture of the ulna who were treated with tension band and could be followed at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Han Il Hospital from January, 1974 to December, 1980 have been reviewed. The result obtained is as follows. We obtained the more rigid fixation with modifying the standard tension band locating the end of K-wire in the cortex of opposite side cortex of ulna. So, the result of treatment was satisfactory.
Clinical Study ; Humans ; Olecranon Process ; Orthopedics ; Ulna

The effects of morphine HCI on the rat mesenteric mast cells were studied with the electron microscopy. The materials were prepared for electron microscopy by osmium tetroxide fixation and embedding in Epon. The rat mesenteric mast cells showed no distinct morphological changes due to morphine HCl, but the mast cell granlues were changed in various ways. For instance, they formed dusters, showed granular lysis, and an appearance of electron transparency. Frequently, some granules appeared in the extracellular space and the boundary of the granules was not evident. From the results mentioned above, it was suggested that rat mesenteric mast cell granules were affected by morphine HCl in the shape, the granular matrix, and the granular boundaries.
Animal ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasm/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasmic Granules/drug effects ; Cytoplasmic Granules/ultrastructure ; Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects ; Mast Cells/ultrastructure* ; Mesentery/drug effects ; Mesentery/ultrastructure* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Rats

BACKGROUND: It has been known that blood group antibodies are not produced in the neonatal period and that if the antibodies exist, they are probably maternal in origin which had crossed the placenta. There have been several studies conducted abroad on when these antibodies are formed but none has been done in Korea. This study was carried out to determine the ABO blood type and blood group antibodies in children from neonates up to 5 year old. We hoped to determine when and in what pattern blood group antibodies were produced. METHODS: We selected 337 children from neonates up to 5 year old who were admitted to Hanyang university Hospital in Seoul or Kuri from 1994 to 1996. Cell typing was done immediately by the slide method. The anti-A and anti-B used for cell typing were supplied by Immucor (Norcrosis, Ga) . Sera were stored at -70 degrees C until they were tested for ABO blood group antibodies by the standard saline test tube method. When uncertain results were obtained, a drop of the mixture was placed on a slide and observed under a microscope. RESULTS: ABO blood group antibodies were detected in 9 of 50 (18%) infants less than 1 week old and in 10 of 51 (20%) infants between 1 week and 3 months of age. The pattern of ABO blood group antibody production was similar to that of the fetal period up to 3 months after birth, after which antibody production increased rapidly to reach approximately 80% at 6 months of age, There was no difference in ABO antibody production between boys and girls. The antibody formation pattern of group A and group B infants less than 6 months of age showed anti-A to be 35% and anti-B to be 20%. In group O infants of the same age, anti-A was positive In 42% and antral-B In 33%. However, after 6 months of age, there was no difference in antibody production among groups A, B, or O. CONCLUSIONS: Antibodies directed toward ABO antigens were detected in 19 out of 101 (19%) infants less than 3 months old. We therefore believe it is necessary to Perform serologic typing as well as cell typing in these Infants. Furthermore, the emergency transfusion of type A or B blood to a type O infant under the impression that anti-A and anti-B do not exist should be forbidden.
Antibodies* ; Antibody Formation ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Emergencies ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Parturition ; Placenta ; Seoul

It has been well known that ischemia reperfusion injury to skeletal muscle following an acute arterial occlusion causes significant morbidity and mortality. There are many causes of reperfusion injury, but the oxygen free radicals have a significant role. During ischemia the ATP is catalyzed to hypoxanthine anaerobically and hypoxanthine dehydrogenase is converted to xanthine oxidase under the presence of O2 resulting in the production of cytotoxic oxygen free radical, which are harmful to muscle. The reactivity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), one of the major antioxidant enzymes, is increased against the formation of the superoxide radical during reperfusion. SOD metabolyzes the superoxide radical to H2 O2 and O2.The severity of ischemic damage deports on the duration of muscle ischemia. The reversible changes in the muscle occur afar 2 hours of ischemia and recover within 24 hours after reperfusion. After 6 hours ischemia, irreversible damage occurs and causes necrosis of muscle. The authors performed the resent study to investigate the changes of Mn-SOD and the effects of allopurinol, the inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, by measuring the immunoreactivitiy of the ischemic reperfused rectus femoris muscle of rats after 2 hours and 6 hours ischemia and timely reperfusion. A total of 176 healthy spraque-Dawley rats weighing from 200 gm to 250 gm were used. Under urthane(3.0 gm/kg.,IP) anesthesia, a lower-abdominal incision was made and the left common iliac artery was ligated by using a vascular clamp for 2 hours and 6 hours. Rectus femoris muscle was obtained at 0 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removal of the vascular clamp. The specimens were sectioned in 14micro miter thickness with a cryostat. The immunoreactivities of Mn-SOD were observed by using Mn-SOD antibodies. The result were as follows. 1. The immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD around sarcolemma were stronger than those on the sarcoplasm. 2. The immunoreactivities of Mn-S0D after 2 hours of ischemia increased to moderate or weak reactivities at 1 hour and 2 hours of reperfusion and returned to week or trace reactivities at 24 hours and 48 hours of reperfusion 3. The pretreatment of allopurinol decreased the immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD during reperfusion. The pattern of changes of SOD immunoreactivies were similar, but the range of changes significantly decreased. 4. The immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD after 6 hours of ischemia increased after 6 hours of ischemia increased after reperfusion and showed peak at 2 hours and 24 hours specimen. After 48 hours in the reperfused group, the reactivities slightly decreased. 5. After 6 hours in the ischemia-reperfused group, the pretreatment of allopurinol decreased the immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD during reperfusion, but the effects were weak. These results suggest that the immunoreactivities of the 6 hours ischemia reperfused group were higher than those of 2-hours ischemia reperfused group in the rectus femoris muscle of rats and that allopurinol pretreatment can be credited with decreasing ischemia reperfusion injury within a reversible period.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Allopurinol ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Free Radicals ; Hypoxanthine ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia ; Mortality ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Necrosis ; Oxygen ; Quadriceps Muscle* ; Rats* ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion* ; Sarcolemma ; Superoxide Dismutase* ; Superoxides ; Xanthine Oxidase

PURPOSE: Assessment of the burn size in the Accident and Emergency Department is one of the most important aspects in the initial care of a burn victims. The purpose of this study was to examine in the Emergency Department the accuracy of burn size estimates and the adequacy of burn-patient fluid resuscitation in relationship to the Parkland formula. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 52 adult burn patients who visited the Emergency Department of Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center during 2003 year. A substratification of the data was undertaken to compare total burn surface area as estimated by the Emergency-Department staff with that determined by the Burn-Care-Unit staff. RESULTS: The average length of stay in the Emergency Department was 394.04 minutes (range: 150~1055 minutes). The average total body surface area evaluated by the Emergency-Department staff was 33.31% compared with the Burn-Care-Unit staff's average of 29.77%, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). During their stays in the Emergency Department, burn patients were underresuscitated based on the fluid volume calculated by using the Parkland formula. CONCLUSION: Early communication with the Burn-Care-Unit staff in the Emergency Department and better education of Emergency-Department physicians will markedly improve the overall care of burn patients.
Adult ; Body Surface Area ; Burns* ; Education ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Resuscitation* ; Retrospective Studies

When fabricating definitive implant-supported fixed prostheses in upper and lower completely edentulous patients, it is crucial to get information about the vertical dimension, jaw relationship, implants, abutments and gingival contour.In this case, temporary prostheses were used to take the information. The temporary prosthesis was scanned outside of the mouth so that it increased the efficiency of scanning it. During the scan of the prosthesis, a scan zig which connected both posterior parts of the prosthesis was used to minimize the scan errors. We report this case because we obtained satisfactory functional and esthetic results by using the digital technology.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of Nirschl procedure for intractable lateral epicondylitis of the elbow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the functional records of surgically treated 21 cases from the 196 cases of lateral epicondylitis, which had been followed up at least 12 months from March 2000 to May 2003. Surgery was generally considered to be indicated if six months of conservative treatments since the first diagnosis had led to no improvement of the symptoms. The patients were evaluated by assessing of Pain Analog Scales (PAS) score. The objective outcomes of all patient after surgery were investigated according to the criteria by Roles and Maudsley. RESULTS: The mean PAS score followed up for 12 months postoperatively, had indicated significant improvements (p<0.001): 0.31 points (range, 0-2) at rest, 1.22 points (range, 0-3) at daily activities, and 2.25 points (range, 0-5) at sports and occupational activities. According to the Roles and Maudsley scores, there were 12 excellent, 7 good, 2 fair from the total of 21 cases; therefore, 19 (90%) cases showed the satisfactory results. CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment using the Nirschl procedure for intractable lateral epicondylitis of the elbow is considered as one of recommendable methods for the cases of no response at the conservative treatment.
Diagnosis ; Elbow ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Sports ; Weights and Measures

Cor triatriatum is a rare cardiac malformation in which the left atrium is subdivided into two chambers by a fibromuscular septum, one locates posterosuperiorly, which is connects with the pulmonary veins, and the other locates anteroinferiorly connecting with the mitral valves and left ventricie. It is often lethal in children with cor triatriatum due to congestive heart faliure which develops abruptly and rapidly. So, the most important thing is early detection of the disease. We experienced a case of cor triatriatum in 20 month-old female. She had severe symptoms related to congestive heart faliure, and the conditions showed dangerous. Echocardiography was used for correct diagnosis. The patients was improved dramatically after proper surgery. So, We reported this case and review literatures briefly.
Child ; Cor Triatriatum* ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Atria ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Humans ; Infant ; Mitral Valve ; Pulmonary Veins

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to liver cirhosis associated with impaired coagulopathy is very rare disease. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage has been recorded as having originated from many retroperitoneal organs and blood vessels, and it may be due to local disease and/or systemic factors. In the majority of patients the bleeding arose from the kidney or adrenal gland. Among the systemic causes of spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage are anticoagulation therapy and chronic hemodialysis during the course of which hemorrhagic complications may occur at many site, including the retroperitoneal space. Blood dyscrasias have been a rare cause of spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Conditions reported have been included hemophilia, leukemia, polycythemia and sickle cell trait. Virtually every hemostatic function may be impaired in patients with severe hepatic disease as the result of failure of both the biosynthetic and clearence function of the liver, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, intravascular coagulation and fibrinogenolysis, and the effects of products of fibrinogen catabolism on the coagulation mechanism. We are reporting a case of spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis with brief review of literature.
Adrenal Glands ; Blood Platelets ; Blood Vessels ; Fibrinogen ; Hematoma* ; Hemophilia A ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Kidney ; Leukemia ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic ; Liver* ; Metabolism ; Polycythemia ; Rare Diseases ; Renal Dialysis ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Sickle Cell Trait ; Thrombocytopenia

Degranulation of the mast cell has been reported by the injection of histamine liberators and other chemical agents. Chlorpheniramine maleate (1.2mg./kg. and 0.3mg./kg. comprising 1/74and 1/290 of LD50 respectively), which is an antihistamine agent, in physiological saline solution for intravenous injection and in Tyrode solution for intraperitoneal injection were given in single dose. The mesenteric mast cells stained in Pugh solution, as applied by Lee (1968), were counted according to the classification of An (1964) in 4 types; the typical normal mast cell, the Grade I type of mast cell, the Grade II type of mast cell and the Grade III type of mast cell. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intravenously, more mesenteric mast cells were s1ightly degranulated than those cells of the rats given 0.3mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine and the control rats. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. and 0.3 mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intraperitoneally, more mesenteric mast cells were slightly degranulated than those cells of the control rats. However, in this intraperitoneal study the degree, or severity, of degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was not in direct proportion to the dosage of this antihistamine. Consequently it is deduced that the experimental dosage of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine maleate, applied 1/74 and l/290 of LD50, caused an evient degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats associated with probable histamine liberation.
Animal ; Chlorpheniramine/pharmacology ; Cytoplasmic Granules* ; Female ; Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology* ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Rats