Bile acids (BAs) are a major component of bile salt, which plays a vital role in the metabolism of lipids in humans. Ninety-five percent of bile acids are recycled by the enterohepatic circulation (EHC), and therefore EHC is essential for bile acid homeostasis. There are four transporters that mediate the transmembrane transport of bile acids, each of which plays an important role in the enterohepatic circulation. Gene defects in bile acid transporters can lead to disorders of the enterohepatic circulation, ultimately leading to clinical phenotypes such as metabolic diseases and even death. Bile transporter expression is altered in patients with various metabolic disease states, suggesting that disruption of bile acid transporters may be a pivotal pathological mechanism for the development of metabolism diseases. Thus, many drugs targeting bile acid transporters are being developed. We provide a concise overview of the progress of bile acid transporters research, discuss the relationship between different bile acid transporters and disease development, and summarize the current progress in drug development targeting bile acid transporters.

Adolescent ; Asthma ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; blood ; Eosinophil Cationic Protein ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Infant ; Male

Castleman Disease ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptors, Complement 3b ; metabolism ; Thoracic Diseases ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Thoracic Wall ; Vimentin ; metabolism

cerebral infarction as compare with patients at Grade 1-2 in both vascular locations, whereas the risk was not significantly increased in patients at Grade 3-4 in only one vascular location. Conclusions The simple method of assessing the degree of arterial atherosclerosis can be used to evaluate carotid artery and lower-extremity artery atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with plaques or stenosis in both vascular locations were with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease or cerebral infarction if they were evaluated concurrently.

[Summary] Data from 1 589 consecutive inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from January 2012 to March 2015 were collected. The patients were divided into five groups according to the quintile of HbA1C . The association between serum uric acid ( SUA) and HbA1C was tested using a general linear model after adjusting for age, body mass index ( BMI) , systolic blood pressure, and creatinine. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the association between SUA and HbA1C in patients with HbA1C<9. 0% and HbA1C≥9. 0%, respectively. The results showed that BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, and the incidence of fatty liver were elevated with increased serum uric acid level. SUA was negatively associated with HbA1C level in inpatients with type 2 diabetes. However, SUA should be measured after glycemic control in men with HbA1C≥7. 0% and women with HbA1C≥9. 0%.

In industrial glutamate fermentation, intermitted feeding glucose with the help of off-line glucose measurement is generally necessary. This kind of feeding strategy could cause large variations in glucose concentration so that it is not favorable for the achievement of efficient and stable glutamate fermentation. Glutamate fermentation is characterized with typical non-growth association behavior, and during glutamate production phase glucose consumption is closely correlated with ammonia consumption. In this study, glucose concentration was controlled at various pre-determined levels by predicting glucose consumption amount and thus its concentration with the aid of on-line monitoring ammonia consumption. When glucose concentration was controlled around a lower level of 5 g/L~10 g/L, the final glutamate concentration could reach a relatively higher level of 80 g/L. In this way, the huge osmotic stress change due to the large glucose concentration variation with the intermitted feeding method could be avoided and the glutamate fermentation performance enhancement be expected.

ObjectiveTo study the efficacy of closed-loop EMG feedback electric stimulation in enhancing extremity functional recovery of acute stroke survivors.Methods120 stroke patients who were within 4 weeks were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group. All patients had received routine rehabilitation training; the patients in experimental group had received an extra therapy-closed-loop EMG feedback electric stimulation. The value of EMG and Fugl-Meyer functional assessment was observed. ResultsThe value of EMG and Fugl-Meyer functional assessment of all patients had notability elevation, and there is a significant difference between these two groups of patients. Conclusions Closed-loop EMG feedback electric stimulation can enhance the motor function of hemiplegia.

Objective To analyze the clinic-pathologic features of elderly myocardial infarction patients ( ＞ 60 years) with and without left ventricular aneurysm formation.Methods Between January 1980 and October 2009,107 myocardial infarction patients were divided into aneurysm group (n =31 ) and non-aneurysm group ( n = 76) according to autopsy results and the clinic-pathologic features of the two groups were compared.Results Previous angina pectoris history was significantly less in aneurysm group than in non-aneurysm group [ 45.2％ ( 14/31 ) vs.92.1％ ( 70/76 ),P = 0.047 ].Incidence of hypertension was significantly higher in aneurysm group than in non-aneurysm group [ 77.4％ (24/31) vs.36.8％ (28/76),P = 0.033 ].The percentage of single-vessel disease [54.8％ ( 17 /31 ) vs.23.7％(18/76),P =0.033] and the LAD disease [96.8％ (30/31) vs.51.3％ (39/76),P =0.048] were both significantly higher in aneurysm group than in non-aneurysm group.Heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias were more likely the cause of death in patients with aneurysm than patients without aneurysm [ 56.3％ (18/31) vs.19.7％ ( 15/76),P = 0.007 ].Aneurysm mostly located in left ventricular anterior wall and apex.Conclusions Our results suggest that patients with left ventricular aneurysm formation are more likely to have hypertension,single-vessel disease and LAD disease,heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias but less previous angina pectoris than patients without left ventricular aneurysm formation.The common locations of ventricular aneurvsm formation were left ventricular anterior wall and apex.

Abstract:This study aims to investigate the genetic characteristics of group A rotavirus (GARV) G9P[8] strains from infantile diarrhea samples in Hebei Lulong region from 2009 to 2011. We randomly selected five GARV G9P[8] strains in Hebei Lulong region from 2009 to 2011, amplified the 11 gene fragments of GARVs by RT-PCR, and analyz their full-genome sequences by homology and phylogenetic analysis with DNAStar and MEGA. The nucleotide homology between strains LL11131077 and LL11131083 in 2011 was significantly higher than hat etween them and the other three strains in 2009 and 2010. The G9P[8] GARVs circulating in Hebei Lulong region from 2009 to 2011 elenged to the same genotype as the prevalent G9P[8] GARVs in other parts of the world. However,the two strains in 2011, compared with those in 2009 and 2010, were located in a different sub-branch of the phylogenetic tree and had amino acid mutations at many sites.
China ; Feces ; virology ; Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVEBased on the potential for nucleotide analogues to affect DNA polymerase-gamma, which controls the proliferation of mitochondria, this study aimed to determine whether long-term treatment with entecavir can cause damage to mitochondrial (mt)DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

METHODSPatients with CHB were divided into three groups according to their history of treatment type and duration: (1) entecavir monotherapy for 2 years, n = 17; (2) entecavir monotherapy for 3 years, n = 17; (3) non-antiviral treatment as control, n = 18. PBMCs were isolated and used to assess the mtDNA content by quantitative real-time PCR of mitochondria-specific genes. Plasma malonaldehyde (MDA) and F2-isoprostanes were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) was detected by spectrophotometry.

RESULTSThe relative quantity (RQ; of mtDNA to nuclear (n)DNA) was significantly lower in the 3-year treatment group (0.5+/-0.3) than in the control group (1.4+/-1.2; F = 5.233, P = 0.009). The RQ was also significantly lower in the 2-year treatment group (0.4+/-0.2) than in the control group (P = 0.004). The level of F2-isoprostanes (ng/mL) was significantly lower in the 3-year treatment group (1.2+/-0.5) than in the control group (3.6+/-2.9, P = 0.002) or the 2-year treatment group (2.4+/-1.3, P = 0.007). The TAOC was significantly different when compared among all three groups (F = 4.326, P = 0.019). The TAOC (IU/mL) in the 3-year treatment group (2.6+/-1.2) was significantly lower than in the control group (5.0+/-3.0 P = 0.005), but was not significantly different than that for the 2-year group (3.2+/-1.6, P = 0.227). The levels of MDA were not significantly different between any of the groups (F = 0.291, P = 0.749).

CONCLUSIONLong-term treatment with entecavir, up to 3 years, leads to decreased mtDNA content in PBMCs. Since no clinical manifestations of mtDNA toxicity were observed, the consequent damage to the mitochondrial function may be compensated for by yet unknown mechanisms.

Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; adverse effects ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; drug effects ; Female ; Guanine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; cytology ; Male ; Middle Aged