The new method is described of extracting various types of cataracts intracapsularly by means of a pencil-shaped metal instrument, named Krwawicz's model cryoextractor. This is refrigerated in a mixture of dry ice and methyl alcohol so that when the ice-coated tip is applied to the lens, the capsule and the underlying cataractous masses adhere firmly to its ball-shaped end and an easy intracapsular extraction is ensured. Fifty extractions of various types of cataracts have been performed by this method. In 49 cases the cataract could be extracted intracapsularly. In only one case did the capsule rupture but it was possible to remove the capsule and lens mass almost completely. The results of the fifty extractions by this method are given.
Cataract Extraction* ; Cataract* ; Dry Ice ; Methanol ; Rupture

BACKGROUND: Cryosurgical treatment for nevus of Ota could be effective and cheap, but has not been introduced too much in detail. OBJECTIVE: This study was done to evaluate the clinical efficacy according to its determinants, and the complications of cryosurgery. METHODS: 109 patients with nevus of Ota were treated with hard chalk dry ice which contacted the skin consistently of was rolled fast. Accessible patients were evaluated by phone or direct interview. RESULTS: Satisfactions assessed by patients after cryosurgery were excellent 21%, moderate 51%, fair 17% and poor 11%, respectively. Satisfactions assessed by doctor were quite higher than those by patient. Satisfactions assessed by patients were affected by clinical determinants such as age over 40 and color of the lesion, but not by clinical type, number of sessions, and combinations with laser. Complications were in the following order : textural change, hypopigmentation, hypertrophic scar, persistent erythema, hyperpigmentation, infection and milia formation. CONCLUSION: Cryosurgery using dry ice for the treatment of nevus of Ota was quite effective but technical improvements for decreasing complications or combinations with Q switched laser and other surgical techniques might be required.
Calcium Carbonate ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Cryosurgery* ; Dry Ice ; Erythema ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Hypopigmentation ; Nevus of Ota* ; Nevus* ; Skin

The effect of IDU and cryocautery in the treatment of Herpes Simplex Keratitis was presented. The cryoapplicator was a model of Krwawlcz probe (2 mm in diameter) which was refrigerated in a mixture of dry ice and methyl alcohol. The applicator was appJied on the lesions 7 seconds each and antibiotics and atropine solutions were instilled. A good result was experienced in the treatment of several cases of dendritic kenititis by freezing the corneal lesions by means of cryoappJicator, which had not been responded to IDU therapy speedy. The deep neovascularization of the cornea in a case of stromal keratitis was disappeared after cryocautery for the treatment of the superficial corneal ulcers.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Atropine ; Cornea ; Dry Ice ; Freezing ; Herpes Simplex* ; Keratitis ; Keratitis, Herpetic* ; Methanol ; Ulcer

Twelve albino rabbits were treated with cryoretinopexy on the left eye and surface diathermy coagulation on the right eye at the equatorial region in two parallel rows concentric with the limbus. Cryopexy was applied for 10 seconds with Krwawicz's probe (the diameter of the tip was 1.5 mm) after cooling with dry ice and alcohol mixture. Diathermy coagulation was performed with 40 mA currents for 2 seconds with needle electrode without perforating the sclera. After the treatment, ERG was recorded with varying length of intervals up to 30 days. The light stimulus was given by 100 watts incadenscent lamp and the illumination at the eye was 800 lux, its duration being 20 msec. Only the sizes of the b-potentials after 30 minutes of dark adaptation were considered. The patterns of the b-potential changes after cryopexy were roughly divided into 3 types. The first type was seen in 5 eyes, and it consisted of abrupt reductions, followed by slight augmentations, never reaching the pre-treatment level of b-wave even after 30 days. The second type (seen in 3 eyes) showed initial slight decreases followed by marked increases and remained supernormal at the end of 30 days. The third type(4 eyes) showed marked increases from the early post-operative days and returned to the original level after 30 days. These changes were demonstrated graphically in figures 3, 4 and 5. By diathermy coagulation, the same kinds of patterns were observed. The same animal, however, did not show the same pattern as with the cryopexy. The final b-potential after 30 days were 105.4% of the pre-operative value by cryopexy and 82.7% by diathermy coagulation. Thus the cryopexy produced less severe changes in ocular tissues than the diathermy coagulation. The histological observations performed also supported this conclusion.
Animals ; Dark Adaptation ; Diathermy* ; Dry Ice ; Electrodes ; Lighting ; Needles ; Rabbits* ; Sclera

The effects of Cryosurgery of the ciliary body on the aqueous humor dynamics of ten albino rabbits were studied by perfusion experiments. The cryo-probe (tip diameter, 3 mm) was frozen by dry ice and alcohol mixture and applied over the full circumference of the eye 2 mm from the limbus for 30 seconds. Eight applications were made in each eye. Intraocular pressure fell during the first 10 days after surgery, the amount of fall averaged 2.5 mmHg (12.6% of the pre-treatment level). Thereafter the intraocular pressure rose gradually in all eyes and reached almost to the original level 3 weeks after surgery. Facility of outflow changed inconsistently, showing no definite pattern. Aqueous flow showed significant reductions during the 2 to 3 weeks after treatment, then gradually recovered. There was no significant reduction in flow after the end of 3 weeks. No complications were encountered except mild iridocyclitis during the first week. The unsatisfactory outcome of this cryotherapy is considered to be due to the insufficient freezing of the ciliary body, and more applications is recommended in order to produce more sustained reduction of intraocular pressure.
Aqueous Humor ; Ciliary Body ; Cryosurgery ; Cryotherapy ; Dry Ice ; Freezing ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iridocyclitis ; Perfusion ; Rabbits*

Facial scar is one of the most common problems in plastic surgery department. Many various methods are attempted to improve facial scars, but there is no definite satisfactory method on scar revision. Authors have been interested in a tendency to show good results when traumatic lacerations were accompanied by abrasions. The improved appearance of the scars with this situation is the result that there were fewer elevations and depressions, and no break in continuity of the epidermal covering on both sides of the scar. But mechanical or other dermabrasive methods have a risk of hyperpigmentation. Authors suggest the scar revision with frostbite using dry ice. This method has little hyperpigmentation due to the sensitivity of melanocytes to cold injury. And the tissue destruction is progressed selectively because of the resistance of collagen against the cold injury and the preserved dermal fibrous network as the structural framework. These characteristics of cryotherapy improve the result of scar revision with fewer side effects rather than other dermabrasive methods. We performed this method to 349 patients from 1993 to 2003 and obtained high patients' satisfaction (85.9% more than fair). Moreover, this method is simple, cheap and handy. In conclusion, the scar revision with frostbite using dry ice is very useful method to improve facial scars.
Cicatrix* ; Collagen ; Cryotherapy ; Depression ; Dry Ice* ; Frostbite* ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Lacerations ; Melanocytes ; Surgery, Plastic

PURPOSE: The extraction of well-fixed metallic implants can be extremely demanding and time consuming, resulting in damage surrounding bone. Therefore, a less traumatic method of removing a well-fixed implant from bone is necessary. Our hypothesis was that a well-fixed implant can be extracted more easily if it is heated to a high temperature. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of local heating on the removal torque of well-fixed titanium screws. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A titanium screw (2.7 mm diameter, 12 mm length) was bilaterally inserted into the distal femur of 14 New Zealand White rabbits at identical locations. Five rabbits were sacrificed at 8 weeks, and 9 rabbits were sacrificed at 20 weeks after screw insertion. Both femurs were harvested, and screw removal torques were measured using a torque gauge. Before removal, the screws in right femurs were heated with an electric soldering iron and then cooled with dry ice, whereas screws in the left femur were removed without heating. After removing the screws, Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was performed to allow the histological assessment of bone tissues around the implants, and picrosirius red F3BA staining was performed to assess the extent of bone damage. Statistical differences between the heat treated and untreated groups were determined using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and differences with respect to the duration of implantation were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test. A p value of & .05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: The removal torques for the heated screws were significantly lower than those for the non-heated screws for both 8 and 20 weeks groups. For non-heated screws, removal torques for the screws implanted 20 weeks was significantly higher than those of the screws implanted for 8 weeks (p & .05). H & E staining showed that the screw-bone interface was denatured in heat treated group. Polarized microscopy after picrosirius red F3BA staining showed that the collagen in the thermally damaged region had denatured, resulting in a loss of its natural birefringence. The maximal depth of the thermally damaged region from the screw/bone interface was less than 400 micrometer. CONCLUSION: Controlled local heating may be a less traumatic method of removing a well-fixed implant from bone.
Birefringence ; Bone and Bones ; Collagen ; Dry Ice ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Femur ; Heating* ; Hematoxylin ; Hot Temperature* ; Iron ; Microscopy ; Rabbits ; Titanium ; Torque*

BACKGROUND: Cryosurgery for epidermal pigment lesions such as Becker's nevus and nevus spilus could be inexpensive, simple and effective, but has not been published much in detail. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the clinical efficacy according to its determinants, complications and recurrence rate of the cryosurgery, and compared with those of pigment laser. METHODS: Hard chalk dry ice were applied on the lesions of 17 patients with Becker's nevus, 8 patients with nevus spilus and 6 patients with congenital nevocytic nevus. Two freeze-thaw cycles per lesion were employed, freezing time was chosen arbitarily depending on the characteristics of each lesion. Nineteen patients of the above 31 patients were also treated with PLDL(xenon flashlamp -pumped dye laser: 2.5-3.0J/cm2) or PLTL (Q-Switched alexandrite laser: .5-8.5J/cm2). Accessible patients were evaluated by direct interview or phone. RESULTS: 1. The clinical efficacy of the cryosurgery was better in nevus spilus than in Becker's nevus or congenital nevocytic nevus. 2. In nevus spilus, the clinical efficacy of the cryosurgery was similar to that of pigment laser, while cryosurgery was more effective than laser surgery in Becker's nevus. 3. The most common complication was transient perilesional hyperpigmentation, which could be removed with chemical peeling or dermabrasion. CONCLUSION: Cryosurgery for epidermal pigment lesions was an inexpensive, simple and effective procedure. In some cases, cryosurgery showed better results than pigment laser, and its efficacy may be improved by adjunctive laser treatment. The rate of recurrence after cryosurgery was lower than that of laser surgery. Cryosurgery would be recommendable for treating epidermal pigment lesions.
Calcium Carbonate ; Cryosurgery* ; Dermabrasion ; Dry Ice ; Freezing ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Dye ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Nevus* ; Recurrence

Carbon dioxide (CO2) poisoning is rare, but its clinical features of acute exposure include cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic and metabolic aspects. CO2 can also have a direct toxicological effect. At very high concentrations (>9%), CO2 induces respiratory depression and narcotic-like effects on the central nervous system. Especially, acute poisoning from dry ice is caused by CO2 gas inhalation and asphyxiation, and may impose excess load on the myocardium. This case was an acute CO2 poisoning from dry ice gas inhalation. In spite of an initial severe status, the male patient rapidly improved with no complications following the application of highly concentrated oxygen and fluid therapy.
Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Central Nervous System ; Dry Ice ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Male ; Myocardium ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Insufficiency

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is firstly reported in China in 2011. Thereafter it is reported an infectious disease in Japan and Korea. It is caused by bunyavirus, called SFTS virus (SFTSV). The main vector of SFTS is Haemaphysalis longicornis tick. We investigated the distribution and detection of SFTSV in ticks collected from the environment using the dragging method and dry ice fogging method from May to November 2014 in Jeollanam-do, Korea. Sampling was taken from the province Suncheon, Gokseong, Boseong, Goheung where patients have occurred in 2013 and Gurye as control. Among the total 3,048 ticks collected, 3,030 ticks were H. longicornis (99.4%) and 18 were Amblyomma testudinarium. H. longicornis was collected 1,330 ticks in Gokseong, 1,188 ticks in Boseong, 240 ticks in Suncheon, 150 ticks in Goheung and 140 ticks in Gurye. Developmental stages by month of H. longicornis were revealed that nymph (92%) was collected from May to June, adult (30%) and nymph (70%) in July, and 93% of larvae from September to October. These results showed the different dominant stage of ticks according to seasons. However, no SFTSV-specific gene was detected in 3,030 ticks of H. longicornis.
Adult ; China ; Communicable Diseases ; Dry Ice ; Fever* ; Humans ; Japan ; Jeollanam-do* ; Korea* ; Larva ; Methods ; Nymph ; Orthobunyavirus ; Seasons ; Thrombocytopenia* ; Ticks* ; Weather