To exert pharmacological effects, no matter therapeutic effect or toxic/side effect, it's necessary to achieve enough plasma concentration. Chinese medical compounds, which contain various ingredients, influence the metabolism of some active ingredients through the interaction of ingredients to improve curative effects or reduce toxic/side effects. Pharmacokinetics can be used to explore how Chinese medical compounds influence the in vivo metabolism of some active ingredients to achieve better curative effects.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Humans

This study was aimed to explore the effects of tannins in Galla Chinensis on rifampicin in vivo. In the experiment in vitro, UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to investigate the solubility of rifampin in pH 1.3, 6.8, artificial gastric juice environment and artificial intestinal fluid environment as well as the effects of tannins on solubility of rifampin in the above conditions. In the experiment in vivo, the process of rifampicin was studied after intragastric administration of rifampicin and rifampicin+ tannins in Galla Chinensis, and then the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The results showed that rifampicin was constantly precipitated in the artificial gastric juice environment over time, and nearly 85% of the rifampicin was precipitated after 6 hours; it showed a good solubility in the artificial intestinal juice environment. After adding the said tannins, the concentration of rifampicin was decreased significantly in both environments, and the concentration of rifampicin in artificial intestinal juice remained relatively stable, while that in artificial gastric juice remained the original downward trend. The pharmacokinetic parameters displayed that as compared with rifampicin alone, AUC0-t and Cmax were decreased significantly, MRT0-t slowed down significantly, Tmax doubled to 7.0 h and the bioavailability was only 31.65% in rifampicin + tannins in Galla Chinensis group. The experiment indicated rifampicin had a poor solubility in acidic environment and the decrease of bioavailability of rifampicin when in combination with tannin was mainly due to the reduction of rifampicin solubility in intestinal tract by complexation of rifampicin with tannin, thus affecting its absorption in intestinal tract. Therefore, rifampicin and the Chinese herbal medicines or Chinese patent medicines rich in tannin should not be taken simultaneously.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Rifampin ; pharmacokinetics ; Tannins

Scutellariae baicalensis is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, mainly distributed in Shandong and Hebei provinces. It has significant pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidation. Baicalin is one of its main effective components. However, baicalin's low bioavailability has restricted its clinical application. In recent decades, extensive studies have been carried out on the metabolism of baicalin at home and abroad. In order to provide scientific references for baicalin's further studies, this paper would not only review the advances in pharmacokinetics research of baicalin and Chinese herbal preparations containing baicalin, but also make a summary on research status of baicalin.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Flavonoids ; pharmacokinetics ; Scutellaria baicalensis

A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the quantification of each component: tetrahydropalmatine (THP), dehydrocorydaline (DHC), salvianolic acid B (SAB), ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rd in the Chinese herbal component SSTG (Shuangshentongguan) with different combinations. The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed with WinNonlin 5.2 software. The results showed that combination can increase the THP AUC value while the AUC values of SAB, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rd were reduced. These results showed significant differences. The AUC value of ginsenoside Rb1 was increased when combined with Danshen or Yanhusuo, but reduced when combined with Danshen and Yanhusuo. The DHC concentration in serum was too low to be determined.
Benzofurans ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacokinetics ; Phenanthrolines ; pharmacokinetics

Facing the current situation, the paper reviewed the specificity, difficulty and significance in studying the pharmacokinetics of the multiple components of traditional Chinese medicine. Some key points in present pharmacokinetic study were also analyzed respectively in this paper, including the pharmacokinetic patterns of the individual herb, the prescription and its active fraction traditional Chinese medicine, the mechanism underlying the integrative effect of traditional Chinese medicinal prescription, the interaction between traditional Chinese medicine and chemical drug, and also the different pharmacokinetic patterns in the pathological situations of "Zheng" in traditional Chinese medicine and disease in modern medicine and the differences caused by different drug preparations. In addition, some viewpoints and suggestions were also given together with the consideration of "The basic technical requirements for the injections of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine".
Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods

Processed Chinese medicine is the core of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry chain,which directly affects the clinical efficacy and. safety of Chinese patent medicine and clinical formula Decoction pieces. Studied the variation of effective substance in vivo Chinese medicine processing before and after processed, clarifying the effective substance and processing principle is a top priority of the development of Chinese medicine processing. The traditional research method chiefly focus on the variation about chemicals in vitro of processed Chinese medicine, it cannot reveal that the integrity and complexity of processed Chinese medicine efficacy changes, so the change process is the focus of future research in vivo on the base of effective substance of TCM This paper described the research on the base of effective substance of TCM and Processed Chinese medicine research status in vitro, discussed the analytical methods (plasma chemistry, pharmacokinetics, metabonomics) of the dynamic process in vivo about processed Chinese medicine, and pointed out development and related problems in process in vivo on the base of effective substance of TCM, which could provided research ideas and methods for in-depth interpretation of Chinese medicine processing mechanism.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

To determine the concentration of menthol in rat plasma by GC. Rats were administered with single dose of Zhike Chuanbei Pipa dropping pills (ZCPDP) and different doses of menthol herbs. DAS 3. 1.6 software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, and the accumulative absorption percentage of menthol was calculated by Loo-Riegelman method. The linear regression analysis was made in vitro/in vivo accumulative absorption percentages to detect the in vitro/in vivo correlation. The results of the study showed that the pharmacokinetics behavior of menthol in ZCPDP was in conformity with two-compartment model characteristics. The main parameters were: tmax was 10 min, t1/2beta was (183. 93 52. 75) min, CL/F was (0. 426 +/- 0. 194) L . min-1 . kg-1, all of which were no difference between ZCPDP and menthol herbs with the same dosage. There were significant differences in tmax, t1/2beta, CL/F between menthol herbs with different dosages (P <0. 05) , with indirect proportion between AUC0-infinity and dosage. The regression equation of ZCPDP's accumulative absorption percentage and accumulative release percentage was Fa = 1. 160 3Q - 19. 968, r = 0. 981 3. These results suggested that the pharmacokinetics behavior was similar between ZCPDP and menthol herbs with the same dosage in rats, with good in vitro/in vivo correlation. There were significant differences in pharmacokinetics of menthol in the range of 19.2-570 mg . kg-1.
Animals ; Antitussive Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Chromatography, Gas ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Menthol ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats

To collect the researching documents of recent years about the pharmacodynamics research and modem clinic application of Huangqintang and its relative prescription, and to discuss the current general situation of the pharmacodynamics research and clinic application. Huangqintang has the pharmacodynamics effect such as resist bacteria and inflammation, adjust immune system, ease pain, protect the liver, lower the index of aminotransferase, anti-cancer and virus, lower the physical temperature, and calm down the emotion. The original and relative prescription can be commonly used in curing intestines disease such as diarrhea, acute enteritis and gastritis, ameba diarrhea, etc. It can also be used in internal medicine, gynecology, dermatology, etc.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo study on the differences between chromatopharmacokinetics (pharmacokinetics with fingerprint chromatography) and chromatopharmacodynamics (pharmacodynamics with fingerprint chromatography) of Chinese materia medica formulae to answer the question whether the pharmacokinetic parameters of multiple composites can be utilized to guide the medication of multiple composites.

METHODOn the base of established four chromatopharmacology (pharmacology with chromatographic fingerprint), the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were analyzed comparably on their mathematical model and parameter definition.

RESULTOn the basis of quantitative pharmacology, the function expressions and total statistical parameters, such as total zero moment, total first moment, total second moment of the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were analyzed to the common expressions and elucidated results for single and multiple components in Chinese materia medica formulae. Total quantitative pharmacokinetic, i.e., chromatopharmacokinetic parameter were decided by each component pharmacokinetic parameters, whereas the total quantitative pharmacodynamic, i.e., chromatopharmacodynamic parameter were decided by both of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of each components. The pharmacokinetic parameters were corresponded to pharmacodynamic parameters with an existing stable effective coefficient when the constitutive ratio of each composite was a constant.

CONCLUSIONThe effects of Chinese materia medica were all controlled by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic coefficient. It is a special case that the pharmacokinetic parameter could independently guide the clinical medication for single component whereas the chromatopharmacokinetic parameters are not applied to the multiple drug combination system, and not be used to solve problems of chromatopharmacokinetic of Chinese materia medica formulae.

The Chinese medicine is mostly derived from plants or animals, highly polymorphic, with dynamic components which are reflected by the characteristic peaks and fingerprint peaks in chromatographic fingerprints. The chromatopharmacokinetics method for determined components is not applicable due to dynamic changes of chromatopharmacokinetics. Based on the preliminary study, dynamic pharmacokinetics mathematical model for multiple components in Chinese medicine was set up and verified by Buyang Huanwu Decoction as the model drug, applying the principle of the total quantum statistical moment(TQSM), superimposing or subtracting the relevant statistical parameters in blood samples and blank samples. This provided a new method for the chromatopharmacokinetic study of Chinese medicine. HPLC was used to determine the TQSM parameters in blood and blank sample fingerprints of Buyang Huanwu Decoction at each point, and the overall TQSM parameters of drug-containing blood sample and blank samples were obtained with addition calculation of TQSM; while the initial TQSM of the pure drug can be obtained with subtraction calculation. The metabolic and absorption equilibrium constants were calculated iteratively to a steady state using the estimated metabolic equilibrium constants, then the metabolic chromatopharmacokinetic parameters in rats were obtained: VUC_T 1.262×10~8 mAu·s, MRT_T 37.48 h, VRT_T 9.016×10~2 h~2, CL_T 25.79 mL·h~(-1)·kg~(-1), Vs 1.586×10~2 mL·kg~(-1), t_(T,0.5) 6.15 h, respectively. This suggested that 95% of the compounds in whole recipe were metabolized and secreted from the body after 0-96.33 h. The experiment verified that the established mathematical model and the total quantum moment statistics parameters can represent the dose-time relationship of Buyang Huanwu Decoction, which can be used to study on in vivo metabolism dynamics for Chinese medicine.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats