OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the electroencephalograph (EEG) changes of temporal association cortex (TeA) and the drug-seeking behavior in heroin-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rats. METHODS: The rats were randomly divided into an operated control group and a heroin-induced CPP group after the electrodes were buried in TeA by stereotactic technology. The TeA EEG was recorded by the CPP video system combining with the EEG wireless telemetry, where the rats stayed in black or white chambers, shuttling from black to white chambers or from white to black chambers. RESULTS: Compared with the operated control group, the percentage of TeA θ waves was increased significantly when staying in black or white chambers in the heroin-induced CPP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the operated control group, when rats shuttling between the 2 chambers, the TeA δ waves were reduced (P<0.01), but β waves, β2 waves in particular, were increased (P<0.01) in the heroin-induced CPP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with staying in the black chamber, when heroin-induced CPP rats were shuttling between black and white chambers, the right TeA θ waves were reduced, and β waves, β2 waves in particular, were increased (P<0.01). Compared staying in the white chamber with shuttling between white and black chambers in the heroin induced CPP rats, the right TeA θ waves, but not β waves, were reduced (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The EGG changes on the right TeA in the heroin-induced CPP rats, including the increased fast waves (β, β2) and the reduced slow wave (θ), may be related to drug-seeking behaviors.
Animals ; Conditioning, Psychological ; drug effects ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electroencephalography ; Heroin ; Rats ; Telemetry ; Temporal Lobe ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between EEG characteristics of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and drug-seeking behavior of rats with morphine dependent place preference under shuttling condition.

METHODSForty rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): morphine PL group, NS PL group, morphine IL group and NS IL group. After embeding the electrode in prelimbic (PL) or infralimbic (IL) cortex of each group by brain stereotaxic operation, the model of morphine dependent conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats was established. The differences of EEG wave percentage in mPFC were telemetered and analyzed when rats shuttled before and after the model.

RESULTSAfter the model, the withdrawal symptoms were evident in morphine PL and IL group, and the activity time and distance in white box were increased obviously. Compared with control group, after the model, the EEG in morphine PL group showed that: when the rats shuttled to white box, 8 wave decreased obviously, P wave increased obviously. When the rats shuttled to black box, brain waves showed opposite changes. The EEG in morphine IL group showed that: when the rats shuttled to white box, a wave increased obviously, P and a wave decreased obviously. When the rats shuttled to black box, the brain wave had no significant differences compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONThe EEG changes are different in PL and IL cortex of morphine CPP rats under shuttling condition, and the EEG changes are also different when rats shuttling to white or black box. There is possibly different mechanism, when different drug-seeking environmental cues caused EEG changes in different regions of mPFC.

Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electroencephalography ; Morphine Dependence ; physiopathology ; Prefrontal Cortex ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Telemetry

OBJECTIVETo analyse the relationship between the electrical activity changes of nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and the drug-seeking behavior by recording NAc shell electrical activity in conditioned place preference (CPP) rats induced by morphine.

METHODSForty SD rats were randomly divided into operation-only control group and the morphine-induced CPP group after stereotaxic electrode was buried on rats NAc shell and the latter group was used to establish the morphine CPP model(n = 20). A CPP video system combining with the technique of electrical activity wireless telemetry was used in the study. The NAc electrical activity from each group of rats was recorded by wireless telemetry respectively, which included staying in black or white chamber of video box, shuttling between black-white chambers and between white-black chambers. The electrical activity differences were analyzed by the percentage of each wave.

RESULTSWhen the morphine-induced rats staying in black chamber, compared with the operation-only control group, the NAc shell electrical activity showed that the percentage of 0 - 10 Hz was increased(P < 0.05), meanwhile, those of 10 - 20 Hz and 30 - 40 Hz were reduced(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); when the morphine-induced rats staying in white chamber, the NAc shell electrical activity showed that the percentage of 0 - 10 Hz and 30 - 40 Hz were increased(P < 0.05 , P < 0.01) , that of 10 - 20 Hz was reduced(P < 0.05 , P < 0. 01); when the morphine-induced rats in black- white shuttling status, the NAc shell electrical activity showed that the percentage of 0 - 10 Hz was increased(P <0.05, P <0.01), that of 10- 30 Hz was reduced( P <0.05); and in the white-black shuttling status, the electrical activity showed that the percentage of 0 - 10 Hz was reduced(P <0.05), that of 10 - 30 Hz was increased(P < 0.05) ; the electrical activity was further compared between staying status and shuttling status in the morphine-induced CPP group. There was no significant difference of electrical activity between the rats in white-black shuttling status and staying in white chamber. However, when rats in black-white shuttling status, compared with staying in black chamber, the electrical activity showed that the percentage of 0 - 10 Hz and 40 - 50 Hz were increased(P < 0.05), meanwhile, those of 10 - 20 Hz and 30 - 40 Hz were reduced(P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe electrical activity changes of NAc shell in morphine-induced CPP rats were different from those of the operation-only control group, and these changes might be associated to the rat's drug-seeking behavior.

Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Nucleus Accumbens ; drug effects ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Telemetry

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between the telemetry electroencephalogram (EEG) changes of the prelimbic (PL) cortex and the drug-seeking behavior of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rats by using the wavelet packet extraction and entropy measurement. The recording electrode was stereotactically implanted into the PL cortex of rats. The animals were then divided randomly into operation-only control and morphine-induced CPP groups, respectively. A CPP video system in combination with an EEG wireless telemetry device was used for recording EEG of PL cortex when the rats shuttled between black-white or white-black chambers. The telemetry recorded EEGs were analyzed by wavelet packet extraction, Welch power spectrum estimate, normalized amplitude and Shannon entropy algorithm. The results showed that, compared with operation-only control group, the left PL cortex's EEG of morphine-induced CPP group during black-white chamber shuttling exhibited the following changes: (1) the amplitude of average EEG for each frequency bands extracted by wavelet packet was reduced; (2) the Welch power intensity was increased significantly in 10-50 Hz EEG band (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); (3) Shannon entropy was increased in β, γ₁, and γ₂waves of the EEG (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); and (4) the average information entropy was reduced (P < 0.01). The results suggest that above mentioned EEG changes in morphine-induced CPP group rat may be related to animals' drug-seeking motivation and behavior launching.
Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electroencephalography ; Entropy ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex ; drug effects ; Rats ; Telemetry ; Wavelet Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Many depressed adolescents do not seek professional help despite there being evidence-based treatments for depression, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or computer-based therapy. To increase professional help-seeking behavior in depressed adolescents, it is necessary to positively change help-seeking attitudes. This study aimed to explore the effect of sub-groups of help-seeking attitudes, gender, and depression level on adolescents' help-seeking intentions and their perceptions of computer-based psychotherapy. METHODS: Participants were 246 adolescents aged 13–18 years recruited from six middle and high schools in South Korea. Measures were self-administered questionnaires, and included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale, the Intention to Seek Counseling Inventory, Preferences for Depression Treatment, and the Perceptions of Computerized Therapy Questionnaire. RESULTS: Help-seeking intentions were positively related with female gender and the recognition of the need for help. A higher level of confidence in therapists was related to high preference for computer-based therapy and face-to-face therapy. Adolescents with more severe depression were more likely to prefer pharmacotherapy. The perceptions of computer-based therapy were more positive in male adolescents, and in adolescents with a higher level of confidence in therapists yet a lower level of interpersonal openness. CONCLUSION: To promote adolescents' help-seeking behavior, improvement of the recognition of the need for help is required, especially among male adolescents. Computer-based therapy provides an alternative for male adolescents with high confidence in therapists yet low interpersonal openness. Consideration of the help-seeking attitudes and gender is needed when providing therapeutic intervention to depressed adolescents.
Adolescent ; Cognitive Therapy ; Counseling ; Depression ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Help-Seeking Behavior ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Psychotherapy ; Therapy, Computer-Assisted

To explore the relationship between the drug-seeking behavior, motivation of conditioned place preference (CPP) rats and the frontal association cortex (FrA) electroencephalogram (EEG) sample entropy, we in this paper present our studies on the FrA EEG sample entropy of control group rats and CPP group rats, respectively. We invested different behavior in four situations of the rat activities, i. e. rats were staying in black chamber of videoed boxes, those staying in white chamber of videoed boxes, those shuttling between black-white chambers and those shuttling between white-black chambers. The experimental results showed that, compared with the control group rats, the FrA EEG sample entropy of CPP rats staying in black chamber of video box and shuttling between white-black chambers had no significant difference. However, sample entropy is significantly smaller (P < 0.01) when heroin-induced group rats stayed in white chamber of video box and shuttled between black-white chambers. Consequently, the drug-seeking behavior and motivation of CPP rats correlated closely with the EEG sample entropy changes.
Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; drug effects ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electroencephalography ; Entropy ; Frontal Lobe ; drug effects ; physiology ; Heroin ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of telemetry electrical activity in the infralimbic cortex (IL) of morphine-dependent rats with extinguished drug-seeking behavior.

METHODSSD rats were randomly divided into model group and control group and received operations of brain stereotaxic electrode embedding in the IL. The rats in the model group were induced to acquire morphine dependence and then received subsequent extinction training, and the changes of electrical activity in the IL were recorded with a physical wireless telemetry system.

RESULTSIn rats with morphine dependence, the time staying in the white box was significantly longer on days 1 and 2 after withdrawal than that before morphine injection and that of the control rats, but was obviously reduced on days 1 and 2 after extinction training to the control level. Compared with the control group, the morphine-dependent rats on day 2 following withdrawal showed significantly increased β wave and decreased δ wave when they stayed in the white box but significantly increased δ wave and decreased α wave and β wave when they shuttled from the black to the white box. On day 2 of extinction, the model rats, when staying in the white box, showed significantly decreased θ wave compared with that of the control rats group but decreased β wave and θ wave and increased δ wave compared with those in the withdrawal period. When they shuttled from black to white box, the model rats showed decreased δ wave and increased α wave and β wave compared with those in the withdrawal period.

CONCLUSIONMorphine-dependent rats have abnormal changes of electrical activity in the IL in drug-seeking extinction to affect their drug-seeking motive and inhibit the expression and maintenance of drug-seeking behaviors.

Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; drug effects ; physiology ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; physiology ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Extinction, Psychological ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Morphine Dependence ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Telemetry

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is a widely distributed neurotransmitter expressed in the central nervous systems. Previously, several reports demonstrated that nucleus accumbal-injected CART peptide positively modulated behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants and regulated the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway. It is confirmed that CART peptide exerted inhibitory effect on psychostimulant-enhanced dopamine receptors signaling, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling and crucial transcription factors expression. Besides modulation of dopamine receptors-related pathways, CART peptide also exhibited elaborated interactions with other neurotransmitter receptors, such as glutamate receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, which further account for attribution of CART peptide to inhibition of psychostimulant-potentiated locomotor activity. Recently, CART peptide has been shown to have anxiolytic functions on the aversive mood and uncontrolled drug-seeking behaviors following drug withdrawal. Moreover, microinjection of CART peptide has been shown to have an anti-depressant effect, which suggests its potential utility in the mood regulation and avoidance of depression-like behaviors. In this review, we discuss CART pathways in neural circuits and their interactions with neurotransmitters associated with psychostimulant-induced depression.
Central Nervous System ; Depression* ; Dopamine ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Microinjections ; Motor Activity ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Phosphotransferases ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter ; Transcription Factors

All drugs of abuse, like neural rewarding behaviors such as sex and eating, increase extra-cellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NA), which is a part of the common reward mesolimbic pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the NA. As addiction progresses from initial use to obsessive compulsive use, the neurobiology shifts from a DA-based behavioral system to a predominantly glutamate-based one, still relying on DA. A DA release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in the relapse stimulates glutamate transmission between the PFC and amygdala and glutamate release in the pathway from the PFC to the NA core, constituting a "final common pathway" for drug-seeking behavior. Dysfunction of critical PFC structures results in drug craving and impaired decision making. Inhalation and smoking are the routes of administration that allow the most rapid delivery of drugs to the brain, while intravenous injection maximizes the bioavailability of a drug. The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug that dispose the user to increased self-administration include rapid absorption, rapid entry into the central nervous system, high bioavailability, short half-life, small volume of distribution, and high free drug clearance. The pharmacokinetic properties associated with drug dependence are a long half-life, low free drug clearance, and presence of the drug at high enough concentrations and for a sufficient time to permit tolerance to develop. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics play an important role in predicting the dependence and abuse potential of drugs.
Absorption ; Amygdala ; Biological Availability ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Decision Making ; Dopamine ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Eating ; Glutamic Acid ; Half-Life ; Inhalation ; Injections, Intravenous ; Neurobiology ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Recurrence ; Reward ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Street Drugs ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Ventral Tegmental Area