As observed in today's health care setting, ampules, which are designed for single-use are still persistently reused when there is a drug left-over, in order to aid the patients lessen the cost of health care. Leaving the ampules exposed, covered with a micropore or cotton plug in the patient's immediate bedside are believed to be beneficial in controlling contamination. This study aimed to compare the practices in safekeeping of opened single-use ampules in a closed plastic container in two environments utilizing a 2 x 3 experimental factorial research design. The specimens were collected from 180 ampules' neck after 6 hours of exposure, which were then cultured; the resultant colony forming units were counted expressed in CFU/mL. The use of various practices in safekeeping, use of a closed plastic container and two environments were not significant in preventing contamination. Results demonstrated that none of the current practices in safekeeping was effective in controlling the number of microbial contaminants. Hence adherence to their nature, "single-use" must be advocated despite circumstance of having a drug left over.

Drug Contamination ; Drug Packaging

Products made from allogeneic tissue are largely used in clinical treatment due to its wide source compared with autologous tissue, causing less secondary trauma of patients and the good biocompatibility. Various organic solvents and other substances introduced in the production process of allogeneic products will leach down into the human through clinical treatment, thus bringing varying degrees of harm to patients. Therefore, it is very necessary to detect and control the leachables in such products. Based on the classification and summary of leachable substances existing in the allogeneic products, the preparation of extract and the establishment of the detection techniques for known and unknown leachable are briefly introduced in this study, in order to provide research method for the study of leachable substances of allogeneic products.
Humans ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Drug Packaging

Population pharmacokinetic analysis and modeling procedures typically require estimates of both population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters. However, only some of these parameters are contained in models and only parameters in the model can be estimated. In this paper, we introduce a new R package, PKconverter, to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters using the relationships among them. After fitting the model, other parameters can be calculated from the functional relationship among the parameters. PKconverter provides the functions to calculate whole parameters along with a Shiny application for converting the parameters. With this package, it is also possible to calculate the standard errors of the other parameters that are not in the model and estimate individual parameters simultaneously.
Drug Packaging ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Models, Biological ; Computer Simulation ; Software

Aimed at tackling the compatibility issues arising from the drug reaction in intravenous infusion tube, we developed a simple, suitable and multi-function intravenous infusion tube for the special use for rescuing critical patients, the elderly, children etc. Each drug in a transfusion process can be filtered to realize quantitative packet and packet delivery. Thus, the drugs in the infusion tube are prevented from meeting with each other. No overlap, no particle pollution occurred. Stable performance and accurate dosage are maintained. As a result safety is ensured during drug delivery.
Drug Delivery Systems ; instrumentation ; Drug Packaging ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Infusions, Intravenous ; instrumentation

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the necessary and research of accelerating basic research of Chinese standard pieces as standard materials.

METHODAccording to over 10 years accumulated experience and be keenly aware of the author, the evaluation method of standardized processing technology and Chinese pieces quality, aimed at consummated the standard material of the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal pieces at the current situation, and inaccordance with the need of improving quality standard system of Chinese herbal pieces, illustrate the necessity of accelerating basic research of Chinese standard pieces as standard materials; from the technical specification for collecting and processing of raw materials, and the technical specification, homogenized sample, packaging, storage and etc., for processing of candidate standard pieces, determine the methods and steps of technical specifications for standard pieces as the standard substance, determine the methods and steps of technical specifications for standard pieces as the standard substance.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONTo speed up the basic research of standard of Chinese medicine pieces as of standard material is very necessary. The research objective is to specificate the processing technical for a number of standard pieces, to identify technical specifications and to ascertain the guiding principle and technical specification of decoction pieces as standard substance. This research will provide basic scientific data relevant national departments to apply for the accreditation of the standard substance.

Drug Packaging ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control

To analyze the usage and loss of the COVID-19 vaccine in ten districts of Suzhou city from December 18, 2020 to April 30, 2021.The results showed the loss rate was 0.222‰ in Suzhou city. The loss rate of pre-filled packaging COVID-19 vaccine was higher than that of vial packaging. The loss rate of 40 packaging was the lowest in vial packaging. The loss rate of all kinds of COVID-19 vaccine in stable inoculation unit was the lowest. It is recommended to distribute 40 vial packaging COVID-19 vaccine for centralized vaccination to reduce the loss of COVID-19 vaccine.
Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; Vaccination ; Cities ; Drug Packaging

OBJECTIVEVarious treatments were used in packaging and storing dry and fresh Radix Astragali in order to explore an economically practical storage method.

METHODThe experiment was designed in single-factor completely random as compared with the traditional stacking without package in which the character, quality, polysaccharide and extract contents were measured.

RESULTIf stored for long-term use, the Radix Astragali should be packaged with vacuum-exhausted bags after cleaning by water and dried, which resulted in less weight loss, higher extract and polysaccharide. However, if stored for fresh use, the fresh Radix Astragali should be packaged in vacuum-exhausted bags after cleaning by sorghum alcohol and stored under low temperatures if possible, which resulted in less loss and longer fresh time. Considering polysaccharide and extract content, it is better to use dried the Radix Astragali in storage.

CONCLUSIONBefore packaged in vacuum-exhausted bags, the dry Radix Astragali should be cleaned by water for long-term use and cleaned by sorghum alcohol for fresh use under low temperatures if possible.

Astragalus Plant ; chemistry ; Drug Packaging ; Drug Stability ; Drug Storage ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

To study the effect of different storage conditions and storage time on herb quality of Lonicera macranthoides, different packaging materials including vacuum plastic bags, plastic bags, woven bags, sealed with endometrial bags, paper bags, sack bags were selected for the study under different storage conditions including room temperature, 5 degrees C refrigerator, low temperature of - 20 degrees C refrigerator and desiccator. Twenty-four batches of samples were used for the study, and active ingredients were determined. The experimental results showed that the ingredients in each storage group changed with the storage time, storage conditions (storage environment, packaging). Under the same storage time, the storage environment (temperature, humidity) had effect on the stability of herb quality. Low temperature had less effect on herb quality. The effect of packaging on herb quality was as following: plastic vacuum packaging > woven with endometrial sealed packaging > plastic bag > woven bag > sack bags > paper bags. Under the same storage conditions, with the increase of storage time, caffeic acid content increased slowly, and other five ingredients content decreased gradually. Storage time affected significantly on the intrinsic quality (chemical composition) and appearance of herb. It is suggested that low temperature (5 degrees C), dark and sealed storage are suitable for storage of L. macranthoides herb, the storage time should be not more than 24 months.
Desiccation ; Drug Packaging ; Drug Storage ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo explore an economical and practical storage method for angelica roots (Angelica sinensis). Various treatments were used in packaging and storing dry and fresh angelica roots.

METHODThe experiment was designed in single-factor completely random as compared with the traditional stack without package. The character, weight, extract contents and volatile oil were measured within the storage process.

RESULTIf stored for long-term use, the dried angelica roots should be packaged with vacuum-exhausted bags cleaned with water, which resulted in less loss in weight, higher extracts and volatile oil. However, if stored for fresh use, the fresh angelica roots should be packaged in vacuum-exhausted bags after cleaned with sorghum alcohol and stored under low temperatures if possible, which resulted in less loss in weight and longer fresh time. Considering volatile oil and extract contents, it is better to use the dried angelica roots for storage.

CONCLUSIONIf stored for long-term use the dry angelica roots should be packaged with vacuum-exhausted bags cleaned with water, while for fresh use the fresh angelica roots should be packaged with vacuum-exhausted bags cleaned with sorghum alcohol and stored under low temperatures if possible.

Angelica sinensis ; Drug Packaging ; economics ; methods ; Drug Storage ; economics ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Plant Roots ; Quality Control ; Time Factors

PURPOSE: Glass particle contamination of the contents of single-dose glass ampules can occur upon opening. Different aspiration techniques, different sizes of needles, different sizes of ampules, and different cutting methods were studied to determine if they had any effect on glass particle contamination. METHOD: Different aspiration techniques(with filter, without filter), different sizes of needles(18G, 25G), different sizes of ampules(2ml, 20ml), and different cutting methods(with cotton, without cotton) were evaluated. METHOD: Twenty ampules were randomly assigned in each group. Three slides containing glass particles for each ampule were made and counted under a microscope by 3 study blind persons. RESULT: The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using a filter rather than without a filter. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using a 25G needle rather than on 18G needle. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using 2ml ampules rather than 20ml ampules. The number of glass particle contamination is much less when using cotton rather than without cotton. CONCLUSION: It was shown that using a filter, a small size needle, smaller sized ampules and using cotton when cutting the ampule will decrease the risk of parenteral injection of glass particles.
Drug Contamination/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; *Drug Packaging ; Equipment Design ; Filtration/instrumentation/methods ; *Glass ; Humans ; Needles ; Safety Management/methods ; Suction