The development of automatic drug delivery is reviewed in this paper. The control-relevance of models, the relevant algorithm, the system running and the simulation effect are introduced. The value for clinical application of each case is assessed. The new advances and high-lights of researches are discussed.
Algorithms ; Drug Delivery Systems ; instrumentation ; Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of endogenous, single-strand, noncoding small RNAs. MiRNAs play an important regulatory role in a variety of pathological and physiological process, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, organ development and differentiation and tumorigenesis and so on. It has been found that circulating miRNAs are also stably and specially expressed in serum or plasma and other body fluids. Circulating miRNAs could be taken as noninvasive and new biomarkers for evaluating the drug-induced target organ injury, which may play a vital role in monitoring the drug toxicity at the early stage.
Animals ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Diagnosis ; Disease ; genetics ; Drug Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism

Adult ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; drug effects ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Laryngoscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; instrumentation ; methods ; Preoperative Care ; instrumentation ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors

This paper presents a microcontroller system for target controlled infusion according to pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenous anesthetics. It can control the depth of anesthesia by adjusting the level of plasma concentrations. The system has the advantages of high precision, extending power and easy manipulation. It has been used in the clinical anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Intravenous ; instrumentation ; methods ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Humans ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; methods

BACKGROUND: The importance and usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) have been emphasized, and analysis of drugs has been increased in clinical laboratories. We evaluated the analytical performance and clinical usefulness of a recently introduced enzyme multiplied immunoassay instrument, Viva-E Drug Testing System (Dade Behring Inc., USA). METHODS: Using patients' samples and quality control material, we evaluated the analytical performance of Viva-E for a total of 11 drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, valproic acid, digoxin, theophylline, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, vancomycin, and gentamicin) with respect to linearity, precision, and correlations with other methods according to CLSI guidelines. Cobas Integra 800 (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) and API 4000 LC-MS/MS System (Applied Biosystems, USA) were used to make a comparison. In addition, we analyzed analysis time. RESULTS: Viva-E showed a good linearity (r2 > or = 0.97) for all items. Within-run CVs were within 5% and total CVs were within 10% for all drugs except for tacrolimus and digoxin at low concentrations. The system correlated well with the other methods (r=0.9283-0.9778). The time required for reporting the first sample was 11 min and the analysis time was 1.1 min. CONCLUSIONS: Since Viva-E showed a good analytical performance required for TDM in its linearity, precision, and accuracy with its wide drug menus including cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and mycophenolic acid, stat and random accessing functions, and the consolidation to a single workstation, it could be very useful in the clinical laboratory for various needs.
Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Drug Monitoring/*instrumentation/methods ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique/*instrumentation ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*analysis ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results

BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulation with warfarin requires routine monitoring of prothrombin time to maintain the international normalized ratio (INR) within the appropriate therapeutic range. Coagu- Chek XS (Roche Diagnositic, Germany) is a portable coagulometer that measures the INR. We evaluated the precision and accuracy of CoaguCheck XS by comparing it with CA-1500 (Sysmex, Japan). METHODS: We analyzed the CV and the correlation of all INR results measured in 68 samples obtained from patients treated with warfarin and 10 samples from control subjects with no history of anticoagulant therapy with CoaguChek XS and CA-1500. We compared the turn-around time between two instruments and evaluated the differences between the results obtained with venous and capillary blood samples and those obtained with different lots of the test strip. We also evaluated the precision of the two instruments in 5 repeated tests with samples of normal and increased INR. RESULTS: Mean INR values of 5 repeated tests with the same samples were similar. The correlation of INR values between two instruments was excellent (r2=0.97, P=0.001), and the difference in the values between the two instruments was mostly within the 95% limit of agreement, but was shown to increase in direct proportion to INR values. The turn-around time of CoaguChek XS was shorter than that of CA-1500. The differences between venous and capillary blood and between different lots of the test trip were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CoaguChek XS showed a good precision and correlation with CA-1500 with a very short turn-around time. This instrument should be clinically useful in monitoring INR of patients with oral anticoagulation.
Administration, Oral ; Anticoagulants/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Drug Monitoring ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio/*instrumentation ; Prothrombin Time/*instrumentation/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Care/instrumentation/methods ; Warfarin/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use

A nitric oxide inhaling equipment cooperated with the ventilator synchronously, is introduced in this paper. This equipment monitors the inspiratory flow of the ventilator by a gas flow meter, and works out the flow value of NO on the therapeutic condition using the formula of gas dilution. Then its mass flow controller controls the flow of NO and delivers it to the respiratory circuit. At the same time, the concentrations of NO and NO2 are detected by the electrochemical NO/NO2 sensors before the therapeutic gas enters into the patient. The experimental result shows that this equipment can work with the ventilator in-phase periodically, the volume of E/(I+E) NO be saved, and the output of NO2 < or = 0.7 x 10(-6). Thus the equipment not only has realized the intellectual monitoring and gas-dispensing, but also has improved the precision of inhaled NO concentration with a better reliability and security during the therapy.
Equipment Design ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; drug therapy ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Respiratory Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Ventilators, Mechanical

AIMTo evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of continuous monitoring of drug with a fiber optic chemical sensor (FOCS) in animal.

METHODSAn accurate optical design was used to enhance the intensity of light from a 100-micron optic fiber and the fluorescence signal could be detected. A new sol-gel method was used to fix the fluorescence substance 4-(N, N-dioctyl) amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole (D-70) on the body fiber. The vary quenching means the vary of the concentration of adriamycin (ADM) in rabbit blood. ADM was determined by FOCS based on the fluorescence multiple quenching. In a simple animal model, the carotid artery was catheterized with a cannula, housing a 100-micron optic fiber.

RESULTSThe recovery of ADM was 99.4%-106.2%, the within-run and between-run RSDs were 6.6%-11.4% and 5.9%-11.7% respectively. The method permitted detection limits as low as 0.057 microgram.mL-1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.

CONCLUSIONFiber-optic chemical sensor is potentially useful for monitoring blood drug in biomedical field.

Animals ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; blood ; Area Under Curve ; Doxorubicin ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Fiber Optic Technology ; methods ; Fluorescence ; Optical Fibers ; Rabbits ; Transducers

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between low benzene exposure doses with workers' peripheral blood parameters of different similar exposure groups (SEG).

METHODSThe workers were from a shoe factory and divided into different SEG, according to the observation method and sampling method. Exposure levels, blood samples and job histories were collected. The relationship between benzene level and blood routine were analyzed using multiple regression method.

RESULTSFive SEGs were defined. No significant differences were found among different SEG in length of service, smoking, drinking, blood routine and symptoms except for ages. Significant negative correlation (r = -0.36, P < 0.05) between benzene exposure levels and white blood cell counts were found by multiple regression analysis. Similar negative correlation was also found between length of benzene exposure and red blood cell counts (r = -0.29, P < 0.05). No significantly statistical relationships were found between benzene exposure and red blood cell counts or platelet count.

CONCLUSIONSEGs method is sensitive for determining the relationship between benzene exposure levels and white blood cell counts. Further study is needed by increasing the number of workers to study the relationship between low benzene exposure and peripheral blood parameters.

Benzene ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Blood Cell Count ; Carcinogens ; adverse effects ; analysis ; China ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environmental Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Industry ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; analysis