Hepatitis C ; immunology ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural ; immunology

Biopsy, Needle ; Genetic Variation ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; pathology ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Specimen Handling

Objective This study explored the association between air pollution exposure and birth weight by using the multilevel linear model,after controlling related meteorological factors and individual differences of both mothers and babies.Methods Women of childbearing age who were pregnant in Xi'an from 2010 to 2013,were selected as objects of this study.Multistage random sampling method was used to select 4 631 subjects followed by a self-designed questionnaire survey.Data related to quality of air and meteorology were gathered from routine monitoring system.Gestational age and date of birth,together with the average levels of air pollution were calculated for each trimester on each mother,and then the impact of air pollution on birth weight was assessed.A multilevel linear model was employed to investigate the association between the levels of exposure to air pollution by birth weight.Confounding factors were under control.We established three models in this study:Model 1 which involving the variable of air pollution exposure.Model 2 was adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus some other individual differences of both mother and baby.Model 3 was adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus meteorological factors.Results There were significant differences seen in birth weight within the subgroups of gender,gestational age,mother's reproductive age,maternal education,residential areas and family incomes (P＜0.01) of the infants.However,there was no difference found in Model 1 (P＞0.05).Data from Model 3 indicated that a decrease of 13.3 g (10.9 g in Model 2) and 6.6 g (5.9 g in Model 2) in birth weight that were associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester;A decrease of 13.7 g (9.8 g in Model 2) in birth weight was associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 during the third trimester.Conclusion After controlling for meteorological factors,the levels of exposure to NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester and NO2 during the third trimester were negatively associated with birth weight.

Objective To understand the prevalence of birth defects, related diseases and mental status of women during pregnancy in Shaanxi province and to analyse the major risk factors on birth defects and congenital heart disease. Possible association between maternal diseases or mental status and the risk of birth defects, was also explored. Methods A cross-sectional design was used in this study and stratified multistage random sampling method was used. The whole survey was from Jury 2013 to November 2013. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the association between maternal diseases, mental status during pregnancy and birth defects. Results The overall prevalence of birth defects was 195.04 per 10000 in Shaanxi. Among the 29121 mothers participating in this study, 51.1% developed illness and 6.8%"changed their mental status during pregnancy. After adjusting all the confounding factors, results showed that, histories of cold", fever, and intrahepatic cholestasis were (OR=1.33, 95%CI:1.10-1.61, OR=1.54, 95%CI:1.09-2.16, and OR=32.77, 95%CI:4.08-263.04) respectively, during pregnancy that related to birth defects. Self-reported unstable mental status (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.19-2.15) and family friction (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.12-3.79) were both related to the birth rates. Histories of cold and fever (OR=1.59, 95%CI:1.28-1.98;OR=1.43, 95%CI:1.48-4.00), during early pregnancy, unstable mental status during mid-pregnant period (OR=1.52, 95%CI:1.05-2.19), unstable mental status during late-pregnant period (OR=1.63, 95%CI:1.05-2.19) and family friction during late-pregnant period (OR=2.89, 95%CI:1.16-7.20) were found to be related to birth defects. Compared with those without history of cold, those with the history of cold during first (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.52) and second stages (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.30-3.26) of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Compared with those without these histories, those with histories of fever (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.04-2.13), emotional problem (OR=1.71, 95%CI:1.19-2.45) and related diseases (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 1.32-5.39) during the first period of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Conclusion The incidence of birth defects in Shaanxi was high. Histories of cold, fever, unstable mental status and family friction during pregnancy, seemed to have increased the risks of bearing child with birth defects.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in plain-sand areas and loess hilly areas of Gansu province.Methods:A total of 1 599 T2DM patients who participated in chronic disease and risk factors monitoring and basic public health service management were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling method in the sandy plain areas and loess hilly areas of Gansu province. Questionnaire survey, physical measurement and laboratory tests were performed. Multivariate binary logistic model was used to analyze the influencing factors.Results:The prevalence of DKD was 22.1% (174/787) among T2DM patients in the sandy plain areas and 19.1%(155/812) in the loess hilly area, respectively. Hypertension ( OR=3.022), hyperuricemia ( OR=2.114) and HbA1c≥7%( OR=2.231) were the risk factors for DKD in the plain-sand areas, and the risk of DKD increased with age. In the loess hilly areas, female sex ( OR=0.379) was the protective factor for DKD; while duration of disease≥10 years ( OR=2.476), hyperuricemia ( OR=1.907), HbA1c≥7% ( OR=1.927) were the risk factors for DKD; and the risk of DKD increased with the increase of age, and decreased with the increase of per capita monthly income. Conclusions:The prevalence of DKD and its influencing factors are different between sandy plain areas and loess hilly areas in Gansu province. The prevention and treatment of hypertension should be given more attention in sandy plain areas. In addition, the screening of DKD should be conducted among T2DM patients, particularly for those with old age, hyperuricemia and HbA1c≥7% in both areas of the province.