No abstract available.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Humans ; Parkinsonian Disorders*

No abstract available.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine ; Electrons ; Positron-Emission Tomography

No abstract available.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine ; Methylphenidate ; Parkinsonian Disorders

No abstract available.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Humans ; Pilot Projects* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

No abstract available.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Electrons* ; Humans ; Positron-Emission Tomography*

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.
Appetite ; Dizziness ; Dopamine ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Executive Function ; Headache

PICK1, a PDZ domain-containing protein, is known to increase the reuptake activities of dopamine transporters by increasing their expressions on the cell surface. Here, we report a direct and functional interaction between PICK1 and dopamine D₃ receptors (D₃R), which act as autoreceptors to negatively regulate dopaminergic neurons. PICK1 colocalized with both dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) and D₃R in clusters but exerted different functional influences on them. The cell surface expression, agonist affinity, endocytosis, and signaling of D₂R were unaffected by the coexpression of PICK1. On the other hand, the surface expression and tolerance of D₃R were inhibited by the coexpression of PICK1. These findings show that PICK1 exerts multiple effects on D₃R functions.
Autoreceptors ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine* ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Endocytosis ; Hand

OBJECTIVES: Alcoholism is known to be a heritable disease. It has been hypothesized that dopamineergic systems play an important heritable role in human behavor related to alcohol dependence, such as alcohol seeking. Therefore, genes involved in this pathway, including dopamine transporter(DAT1) which is responsible for taking released dopamine back up into presynaptic terminals and terminating dopaminergic activity, are potential candidate that may affect susceptibility to alcoholism. Analysis of a 40-base pair(bp)repeat(VNTR)in the 3'untranslated region of the DAT1 gene revealed variable number of the repeat ranging from 3 to 11 copies. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the association between alcoholism and VNTR polymorphism of DAT1. METHODS: Genomic DNA analysis with polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to identify the presence of a VNTR polymorphism. It was carried out within a group of 94 alcoholic patients and 113 normal controls. RESULTS: 1)There were no significant differences in allelic or genotype frequencies between the group of alcoholic patients and controls. 2)There were no significant differences in the first drinking age, onset age and latency of alcoholism according to DAT1 genotypes. 3)There was a significant difference in allelic frequencies between alcoholics with family history and those without family history. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 is unlikely to be a factor in the genetic etiology of alcoholism, but might be related to familial transmission of alcoholism.
Age of Onset ; Alcoholics ; Alcoholism* ; DNA ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Drinking ; Genotype ; Humans ; Presynaptic Terminals

OBJECTIVES: There have been many association studies of panic disorder. However, studies about the do-paminergic function in panic disorder have been few. This study was aimed to examine the possible as-sociation of dopamine transporter gene(DAT1) polymorphism and panic disorder in Korean population. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with panic disorder(43 male(46.9%), mean age 42.13+/-10.88 years) and one hundred and thirteen comparison subjects(67 male(40.7%), mean age 33.14+/-8.55 years) were tested for DAT1 polymorphism. Genotypes of DAT1 with variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR) were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The differences of allelic frequency and genotype frequency distribution between patient and the control group were tested with Fisher-Freeman-Halton test. RESULTS: There was association between DAT1 polymorphism and panic disorder(allele : p<0.03, genotype : p<0.05). The frequency of 10/10 homozygotes of DAT1 was significantly higher in control group(chi2=4.452, df=1, p=0.035). CONCLUSION: These results in our Korean samples suggest that DAT1 polymorphism might be associated with the vulnerability of panic disorder. Possible association of dopaminergic genes and panic disorder should be investigated with future studies using larger and different population.
Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Genotype ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Neurotransmitter imaging with radiopharmaceuticals plays major role for understanding of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression. Radiopharmaceuticals for neurotransmitter imaging can be divided to dopamine transporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals and serotonin trnasporter imaging radiopharmaceuticals. Many kinds of new dopamine transporter imaging radiopharmcaeuticals has a tropane ring and they showed different biological properties according to the substituted functional group on tropane ring. After the first clinical trials with [123I]beta-CIT, alkyl chain substituent introduced to tropane ring amine to decrease time for imaging acquisition and to increase selectivity. From these results, [123I]PE2I, [18F]FE-CNT, [123I]FP-CIT and [18F]FP-CIT were developed and they showed high uptake on the dopamine transporter rich regions and fast peak uptake equilibrium time within 4 hours after injection. [11C]McN 5652 was developed for serotonin trnasporter imaging but this compound showed slow kinetics and high background radioactivity. To overcome these problems, new diarylsulfide backbone derivatives such as ADAM, ODAM, AFM, and DASB were developed. In these candidates, [11C]AFM and [11C]DASB showed high binding affinity to serotonin transporter and fast in vivo kinetics. This paper gives an overview of current status on dopamine and serotonin transporter imaging radiopharmaceuitcals and the development of new lead compounds as potential radiopharmaceuticals by medicinal chemistry.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Depression ; Dopamine ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Kinetics ; Neurotransmitter Agents* ; Parkinson Disease ; Radioactivity ; Radiopharmaceuticals* ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon