Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the association between relative grip strength levels and the risk of developing diabetes, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,935 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 81 years, who had engagedin the survey both in 2013–2014 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019–2020. The criteria for diagnosingdiabetes included receiving a diabetes diagnosis and treatment. grip strength was converted into relative grip strength by dividing it by body mass index. To validate the relationship between the interaction of relative grip strength and resting heart rate and its impact on risk of developing diabetes, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used.Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for risk of developing diabetes. Results: After adjusting for various confounding variables, we observed a significant 46% reduction in the risk of developing diabetes in the high relative grip strength group compared to the low relativegrip strength group (HR,0.54; 95% CI, 0.36–0.80). However, upon additional adjustment for waist circumference, no significant findings couldbe yielded. Furthermore, we found significant differences the relationship between relative grip strength, resting heart rate, and the risk of developing diabetes among different groups. Conclusion This study investigates the relationship between relative grip strength and incidence of diabetes, attributed to the accumulation of body fat. Notably, both resting heart rate and relative grip strength emerge as predictive indicators for assessing the risk of diabetes development.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the joint association between relative grip strength (RGS) and regular exercise participation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,702 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 88 years, who had engaged in the survey both in 2013 to 2018 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019 to 2020. NAFLD were determined by using the hepatic steatosis index. RGS was determined using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN). To validate the relationship between the interaction of RGS and regular exercise participation and its impact on risk of developing NAFLD, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for NAFLD. Results: In the non-regular exercise group, middle RGS and high RGS reduced the HR for NAFLD by 29% (HR,0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99) and 78% (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.35), respectively, compared to low RGS. Significantassociations were observed only between high RGS and HR for NAFLD in the regular exercise group (HR, 0.40;95% CI, 0.22–0.72). Furthermore, in all subjects, both the high RGSon-regular exercise and high RGS/regular exercise groups showed a respective 60% (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.29–0.56) and 54% (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.63)lower HR for NAFLD compared to the low RGSon-regular exercise group. Conclusion This study investigates that high level of RGS were independently associated with reducing risk of developing NAFLD. RGS is an important factor that can predict the risk of developing NAFLD, and regular exercise participation is essential for increasing RGS.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the joint association between relative grip strength (RGS) and regular exercise participation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,702 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 88 years, who had engaged in the survey both in 2013 to 2018 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019 to 2020. NAFLD were determined by using the hepatic steatosis index. RGS was determined using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN). To validate the relationship between the interaction of RGS and regular exercise participation and its impact on risk of developing NAFLD, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for NAFLD. Results: In the non-regular exercise group, middle RGS and high RGS reduced the HR for NAFLD by 29% (HR,0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99) and 78% (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.35), respectively, compared to low RGS. Significantassociations were observed only between high RGS and HR for NAFLD in the regular exercise group (HR, 0.40;95% CI, 0.22–0.72). Furthermore, in all subjects, both the high RGSon-regular exercise and high RGS/regular exercise groups showed a respective 60% (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.29–0.56) and 54% (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.63)lower HR for NAFLD compared to the low RGSon-regular exercise group. Conclusion This study investigates that high level of RGS were independently associated with reducing risk of developing NAFLD. RGS is an important factor that can predict the risk of developing NAFLD, and regular exercise participation is essential for increasing RGS.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the joint association between relative grip strength (RGS) and regular exercise participation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,702 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 88 years, who had engaged in the survey both in 2013 to 2018 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019 to 2020. NAFLD were determined by using the hepatic steatosis index. RGS was determined using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN). To validate the relationship between the interaction of RGS and regular exercise participation and its impact on risk of developing NAFLD, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for NAFLD. Results: In the non-regular exercise group, middle RGS and high RGS reduced the HR for NAFLD by 29% (HR,0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99) and 78% (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.35), respectively, compared to low RGS. Significantassociations were observed only between high RGS and HR for NAFLD in the regular exercise group (HR, 0.40;95% CI, 0.22–0.72). Furthermore, in all subjects, both the high RGSon-regular exercise and high RGS/regular exercise groups showed a respective 60% (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.29–0.56) and 54% (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.63)lower HR for NAFLD compared to the low RGSon-regular exercise group. Conclusion This study investigates that high level of RGS were independently associated with reducing risk of developing NAFLD. RGS is an important factor that can predict the risk of developing NAFLD, and regular exercise participation is essential for increasing RGS.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the joint association between relative grip strength (RGS) and regular exercise participation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,702 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 88 years, who had engaged in the survey both in 2013 to 2018 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019 to 2020. NAFLD were determined by using the hepatic steatosis index. RGS was determined using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN). To validate the relationship between the interaction of RGS and regular exercise participation and its impact on risk of developing NAFLD, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for NAFLD. Results: In the non-regular exercise group, middle RGS and high RGS reduced the HR for NAFLD by 29% (HR,0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99) and 78% (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.35), respectively, compared to low RGS. Significantassociations were observed only between high RGS and HR for NAFLD in the regular exercise group (HR, 0.40;95% CI, 0.22–0.72). Furthermore, in all subjects, both the high RGSon-regular exercise and high RGS/regular exercise groups showed a respective 60% (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.29–0.56) and 54% (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.63)lower HR for NAFLD compared to the low RGSon-regular exercise group. Conclusion This study investigates that high level of RGS were independently associated with reducing risk of developing NAFLD. RGS is an important factor that can predict the risk of developing NAFLD, and regular exercise participation is essential for increasing RGS.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to elucidate the joint association between relative grip strength (RGS) and regular exercise participation with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1,702 participants in this study comprised general adults aged 51 to 88 years, who had engaged in the survey both in 2013 to 2018 and during the subsequent follow-up in 2019 to 2020. NAFLD were determined by using the hepatic steatosis index. RGS was determined using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN). To validate the relationship between the interaction of RGS and regular exercise participation and its impact on risk of developing NAFLD, a proportional hazards Cox regression model was used. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for NAFLD. Results: In the non-regular exercise group, middle RGS and high RGS reduced the HR for NAFLD by 29% (HR,0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99) and 78% (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.35), respectively, compared to low RGS. Significantassociations were observed only between high RGS and HR for NAFLD in the regular exercise group (HR, 0.40;95% CI, 0.22–0.72). Furthermore, in all subjects, both the high RGSon-regular exercise and high RGS/regular exercise groups showed a respective 60% (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.29–0.56) and 54% (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.31–0.63)lower HR for NAFLD compared to the low RGSon-regular exercise group. Conclusion This study investigates that high level of RGS were independently associated with reducing risk of developing NAFLD. RGS is an important factor that can predict the risk of developing NAFLD, and regular exercise participation is essential for increasing RGS.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between changes in sitting time (ST) with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Methods: This study examined 2,814 adults aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a community-based cohort study, for a total of 10 years. Changes in ST were assessed using the results obtained from physical activity questionnaires completed during the baseline and follow-up surveys. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was classified according to the criteria established by the International Diabetes Federation. We conducted survival analysis by the multivariate extended Cox regression model. The significance level for all analyses was set at p＜ 0.05. Results: We compared the newly ST group with ST less than 7 hours in the baseline and more than 7 hours in the first follow-up to the consistently non-ST group with ST less than 7 hours in both the baseline and the first follow-up. In this comparison, we found that the hazard ratio (HR) for the incidence of metabolic syndrome increasedby 33% (HR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.74) for changes in total daily sedentary time and by 47% (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13–1.92) for changes in weekday sedentary time in the newly ST group. Conclusion Changes in ST are associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. These findings can serve as fundamental data for further research on the relationship between changes in ST, and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the association between changes in sitting time based on sex and levels of physical activity participation and the risk of hypertension. Methods: Conducted as a follow-up to the 2011–2012 baseline survey in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study community-based cohort study, the 4th tracking took place from 2019 to 2020 in Korea, involving adults aged 49 to 79 years. Hypertension status was determined based on systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, self-reported diagnosis, or medication usage. Change in sitting time was measured using a physical activity questionnaire. The study utilized multivariate extended Cox regression models to calculate independent risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of developing hypertension based on change in sitting time, with a significance level set at p＜ 0.05. Results: Despite adjusting for various factors affecting sitting time and hypertension, total sitting time (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05–1.78) and weekday sitting time (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03–1.76) in the newly ST group showed increased risk of developing hypertension. It was observed that increased total and weekday sitting time in males could elevate hypertension risk (total newly ST: HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05–2.21; weekday newly ST: HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.08–2.28). Additionally, the association between changes in sitting time and risk of developing hypertension varied based on leisure-related physical activity levels. Conclusion The study confirms that increased sitting time raises the risk of hypertension and that reducing sitting time in physically inactive adults can lower the risk of developing hypertension.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the associations between type of moderate-vigorous physical activities (MVPA) and psychological stress in South Korean, based on the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The subjects of this study were 2,891 Korean men and women aged 40 to 69, who completed health examination from 2011 to 2012. Methods: The type of MVPA was measured by using self-reported physical activity questionnaire. A high psychological stress was determined by scoring Psychological Well-being Index Short Form (≥ 27). Logistic regression analysis, adjusting other confounding factors, was conducted to identify the association of type of MVPA level with psychological stress (p＜ 0.05). Results: Participants who leisure-related MVPA of ≥ 150 min/week was less likely have to high psychological stress than ＜ 150 min/week (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57–0.92). From the analysis of gender, leisure-related (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35–0.72) and work-related (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41–0.97) MVPA of ≥ 150min/week were associated with low psychological stress in men, but women was not significantly associated. From the analysis of age, leisure-related MVPA of ≥ 150 min/week were associated with low psychological stress in middle age group (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53–0.92), but elderly group was not significantly associated. Differences inpsychological stress OR according to type of MVPA time were observed about classification of occupations. Conclusion High level of leisure related physical activity were independently associated with reducing risk for psychological stress. Also, encouraged MVPA by gender, age, classification of occupations could help to improve psychological stress levels in middle-aged or older adults.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. Methods: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. Results: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 μg/m3 for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 μg/m3 for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 μg/m3 for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 μg/m3 for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. Conclusions The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.