A multiple regression analysis using ordinary least square (OLS) is frequently used for the projection of healt expenditure as well as for the identification of factors affecting health care costs. Data for the analysis often have mixed characteristics of time series and cross section. Parameters as a result of OLS estimation, in this case, are no longer the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE) because the data do not satisfy basic assumptions of regression analysis. The study theoretically examined statistical problems induced when OLS estimation was applied with the time series cross section data. Then both the OLS regression and time series cross section regression (TSCS regression) were applied to the same empirical data. Finally, the difference in parameters between the two estimations were explained through residual analysis.
Health Care Costs ; Health Expenditures*

No abstract available.
Joints*

With increasing tendency of incidence and interest for the late onset schzophrenia, concerns about whether this disorder is etiologically or phenomenogically distinctive entity or not have increased also. To clarify the disease entity of the late onset schzophrenia and the role of structural brain changes in its etiology, authors tried to prove following hypothesis : Are there any evidences of structural brain changes in the late-onset schizophrenia? ; If present, are they not different from those of the early-onset schizophrenia or progressive schizophrenia? ; And are they not different from those of senile dementia? Subjects were 6 patients with the late-onset schizophrenia, 6 patients with the early-onset schizophrenia, 6 patients with progressive schizophrenia, 6 patients with Alzheimer's dementia, and 6 controls. We measured regions of interest of the magnetic resonance images by computer assisted planimetry using the AutoCad and digitizer. Our study results may suggest that the third ventricular enlargement and a reversal of normal difference between left and right temporal lobe and left-right difference in posterior lateral ventricle are common brain pathology for all type of schizophrenia including the late onset schzophrenia. And also suggest that brain structural changes of the late onset schizophrenia are related with neurodevelopmental abnormality rather than degenerative change.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Brain Diseases ; Brain* ; Dementia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lateral Ventricles ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Schizophrenia* ; Temporal Lobe

BACKGROUND: With increasing number of female pilots who fly high-performance aircraft, the gender specific factors have become one of the most important aeromedical considerations. It has been raised that the changes of serum female hormone levels by menstrual cycle may affect vasoregulation and female G-tolerance ultimately. However, the exact relationship between serum female hormone levels and G-tolerance is still unknown. Moreover, well-controlled subjects without taking oral contraceptives are needed to examine the possible effect of menstrual cycle on female G-tolerance. The purpose of this study was to determine how female hormones and menstrual cycle affect female relaxed G-tolerance. METHODS: Eight female subjects were studied to test their relaxed G-tolerance. Seven out of 8 subjects had regular menstrual cycle during the study period. Each subject were exposed to human centrifuge once a week for 4 weeks (one complete menstrual cycle) and blood samplings were performed twice at 2nd and 4th week just before exposure to human centrifuge. The profile of centrifuge training consisted of gradual-onset run (0.1 G/sec) acceleration to the visual endpoint. RESULTS: The changes of 4 different serum female hormone levels failed to show any trend related to relaxed G-tolerance including estrogen. There was no significant difference in relaxed G-tolerance in any menstrual cycle time points. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the changes of female hormone levels and the menstrual cycle have no effect on female relaxed G-tolerance.
Acceleration ; Aircraft ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Diptera ; Estrogens ; Female* ; Humans ; Menstrual Cycle*

No abstract available.
Bilirubin* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an unusual primary cutaneous tumor, occasionally found con-current with other malignancies. A case of MCC with coexisting squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was studied histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. The MCC and SCC occured at the same site, but each preserved its identity and transition between the two was not identified.
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

We have reviewed the 503 cases of benign skin tumors which were confirmed by histopathological study from January 1977 to July 1987 in the Dermatologic Department of Kyungpook National University Hospital. The result were summarized as follows . l. Among the total of 26,690 dermatologic out patients, 503 cases(1.9%) were diagnosed as having benign skin tumors. The number of benign skin tumors has shown a noticeable increase in the last several years. 2. The tumors were found mainly in ages ranging from the 2nd to 5th decade, most commonly in the 3rd decade(124 cases, 24.7%). 3. Aceording to Lever's elasaification, the tumors were divided into the following 7 groupa . tumors and cyets of the epidermis(35.2%), melanocytic tumors(16.5%), tumors of vaecular tissues(13.3%), tumora of epidermal appendages(11.1%), tumors of fibrous tissue(8.9%), tumors of neura.l tiasue(7.6%) and tumors of fatty, muscular and osseous tiseue(7.4%) in decreasing orders. 4. The 14 common tumors in order of frequency were as follows epidermal cyst (17.l% ),:melanocytic nevus(16.5%), neurofibroma(7.6%), congenital hemangioma(6.4%), nevus sebaceous(6.0%), lipoma(5.2%),seborrheic keratosis(4,8%), linear epidermal nevus(4.6%), steatocystoma mutiplex(2.8%), dermatofibroma(2.6%), hypertrophic scar and keloid.(2.6%), granuloma pyogenicum(2.4% ), keratoacanthoma(2.0%) and syringoma (2,0%). 5. The predilection sites of seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, syringoma and melanocytic nevus were the face, linear epidermal nevus, dermatofibroma and granuloma pyogenicum were located on the extremities. 6. The duration of tumors from the presumed time of onset to the first visit was within 1 year for epidermal cyst, keratoacanthoma and granuloma pyogenicum, over 10 years for nevus sebaceous, congenital emangioma and neurofibroma. 7. Diagnostic accuracy was higher in melanocytic nevus, congential hemangioma, nevus sebaceous and neurofibroma and lower in steatocystoma multiplex, dermatofibroma, keratoacanthoma, lipoma and epidermal cyst.
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Epidermal Cyst ; Extremities ; Granuloma ; Granuloma, Pyogenic ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hemangioma ; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous ; Humans ; Keratoacanthoma ; Keratosis, Seborrheic ; Lipoma ; Neurofibroma ; Nevus ; Nevus, Pigmented ; Outpatients ; Skin* ; Steatocystoma Multiplex ; Syringoma

Vitreous surgery has become a widly practiced procedure for use in the variety of pathological conditions in the anterior and posterior semgment of the eye. The goal of the vitreous 'surgery is to clear the optic pathway and restore the anatomy and function of the eye. Vitreous surgery was performed in 28 eyes using the O'malley ocutome from April, 1980 to October, 1980. Among the 28 eyes, 14 eyes received anterior segment surgery and the other 14 eyes received posterior segment surgery. The follow up period after surgery ranged from 3 weeks to 7 months and the average period was 4 months. The conditions requiring surgery were as follows: 9 eyes had Reconstruction of anterior segment after trauma; 4, removal of pupillary membrane due to chronic uveitis and after cataract; and 1, anterior vitrectomy with removal of subluxated lens. As for the causes of posterior segment surgery, 5 eyes had trauma of eyeballs; 3, hypertensive retinopathies; 2, vitreous opacity with retinal detachment; 1, diabetic retinopathy; 1, central retinal vein occlusion; 1, nonmagnetic intraocular foreignbody; and 1, lost lens nucleus into the vitreous. The improvement of visual acuity after surgery was seen in 14 eyes (50%), 9 eyes in anterior segment surgery and 5 eyes in posterior segment surgery. The complications during operation were vitreous hemorrhage (1 eye; 3.5%), retinal detachment (2 eye; 7%), and traumatic cataract (1 eye; 3.5%). Postoperative complications were phthisis bulbi (1 eye; 3.5%), and cataract (1 ; 3.5%). We found that vitreous surgery is not only useful to removal of the various pathologic conditions of vitreous through the pars plana approach but in anterior segment as an emergency procedure at the time of trauma and vitreous loss during anterior segment surgery.
Cataract ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Emergencies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hypertensive Retinopathy ; Membranes ; Postoperative Complications ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Vein ; Uveitis ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

In North East Asians, they have many anatomical characteristics different from Caucasians: thick skin, heavy subcutaneous tissue, relatively weak SMAS and platysma muscle, prominent zygoma and mandible. In addition, Caucasians have lean and narrow face, so facial flap can easily be lifted superiorly and posteriorly, but North East Asians have short and wide face, so facial flap cannot be lifted easily in a three dimensional direction especially superiorly and posteriorly. Recent facial rejuvenation has been improved to solve these problems through various combined adjuvant surgery. We performed facial rejuvenation with following surgical emphases:1. Shaving and infracture of zygomatic prominence and multistaged curved osteotomy of the prominent mandibular angle, body and symphysis 2. Earlier Skin resection before flap dissection protects the skin incision margin 3. Sufficient fat removal by facial liposuction4. Plane of dissection; suborbicularis and submalar fat pad in midface: preplatysmal layer in lower face and neck 5. Excision of lateral part of orbicularis oculi muscle for correction of crow's feet. 6. SMAS plication and platysmal sling. Based on our experiences, we offer these personal techniques for facial rejuvenation of North East Asians.
Adipose Tissue ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Foot ; Humans ; Mandible ; Neck ; Osteotomy ; Rejuvenation ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Zygoma

Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is defined as a condition in which there is a primary bacterial cholangitis, characterized clinically by recurrent attacks of fever, chills, abdominal pain, and jaundice. 17 cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis at Won Kwang University Hospital during the past three years were analyzedby clinical, radiological and surgical findings. The results were as follows; 1. Peak incidence was noted at fifth decade (35%) and the raio of male to female was almost eual (1:1.1). 2. Most of patients were undernurished andrural population in low socio-economic state. 3. The characteristic and most frequent symptoms were fever, chills,abdominal pain, and jaundice. 4. Serum alkaline phosphatase level was elevated almost 4 times to the upper limitof normal. 5. There was a history of cholecystectomy with or without T-tube drainage in 65% of 17 cases. 6. The cholangiographic findings in the biliary trees were stricture, stones and dilated ducts, and occured more commonly in the left hepatic duct than right. 7. Most stones of biliary trees were pigment stones, and occasionally muddystones were seen. 8. Most of the organism obtained from bile culture were E. coli, supported an infective etiology.
Abdominal Pain ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bile ; Chills ; Cholangitis ; Cholecystectomy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Drainage ; Female ; Fever ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jaundice ; Male ; Trees