A Comparative study was retrospectively performed with 374 infants in order to find protective effect of breast feeding for infection. This study shows that breast feeding protect infant against gastrointestinal and respiratory infection. Breast feeding offers advantage by reducing gastraintestinal and respiratory infection when they should maintain breast feeding for at least three months. 1) First year morbidity increased with extent of artificial feeding and was nearly two fold for babies not breast-fed. 2) Prescence of older sibling, low birth weight and male sex are associated with increased morbidity. 3) Infant illness from 0~3 months, 4~6 months, 7~10 months, 11~12 moths was analyzed. Compared with the 108 bottle fed babies, the babies who had been partially (40) or fully (136) breast fed had significantly lower rate of gastrointestinal illness at 7~10 month (p<0.05), 11~12 month (p<0.005) and respiratory illness at 7~10 month (p<0.05). 4) Between the early weaning group (90) and the bottle group (108) showed no siggnificant difference. 5) Among the babies observed throughout the first year of life, 35 (9%) and 46 (12) were admitted to hospital with gastrointestinal and respiratory infection. Babies who were breast fed for more than 3 month had significant lower rate for hospital admission due to gastrointestinal and respiratory infection when compared with bottle fed babies. Breast feeding durning more than 3 month of life confers protection against gastrointestinal and respiratory infection.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Moths ; Nutritional Support ; Retrospective Studies ; Siblings ; Weaning

No abstract available.
Infertility* ; Laparoscopy*

Bony defect is one of the most common problems in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Although aurogenous bone graft is the best choice for the treatment of bone defect, it provides many problems such as donor site morbidity, irregular absorption, and limited amount of harvest. To overcome the shortcomings of autogenous bone graft many bone substitutes have been introduced. The ideal bone substitution is to have characteristics such as cheap, easy to obtain, rapid fusion to recipient bone, hard structure, long maintenance of shape and volume, low infection rate, and low exposure rate. Among those bone substitutes which have been widely used we chose lyophilized cartilage allograft because of low antigenecity, low resorption rate, easiness of carving and ling term preservation. From August 1993 to August 1997, 66 patients had been performed craniomaxillofacial reconstruction with lyophilized cartilage allograft. Orbital wall reconstruction and correction of enophthalmos were 24, correction of cleft lip and nose deformity were 19, temporal augmentations were 7, and others 16. Complications such as infection, exposure were not common. And partially removed cartilage was proved some calcification. Radiologic follow-up presented well positioned lyophilized cartilage allograft. Two radiologic works revealed haziness of bone density at the site of cartilage allograft. This suggests the ossification of lyophilized cartilage allograft. Together with liw infection rate, low exposure rate, and good framework for osteoconduction, lyophilized cartilage allograft are regarded as one of the good bone substitutes.
Absorption ; Allografts* ; Bone Density ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Cartilage* ; Cleft Lip ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Enophthalmos ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Nose ; Orbit ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome in patients aged less than 55 years who underwent arthroscopic tenodesis and arthroscopic repair for type 2 superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions. METHODS: Between April 2008 and December 2014, surgery was performed on a total of 45 patients with isolated type 2 SLAP lesions. Arthroscopic repair was performed in 22 patients and arthroscopic tenodesis was performed in 23 patients. In both groups, the clinical outcomes at follow-ups were evaluated using the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. RESULTS: In both groups, the VAS scores for pain had improved significantly throughout the postoperative follow-up period. The VAS score showed a statistically significant difference at postoperative 3 and 6 months (p<0.05); however, there was no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative results at 12 months (p>0.05). In both groups, the functional outcome was statistically improved postoperatively. In a comparison of the UCLA and ASES scores between the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference at postoperative 3 and 6 months (p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative results at 12 months (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this and other studies, patients with isolated type 2 SLAP lesions showed better short-term clinical outcome with tenodesis than with repair. However, there was no difference between the two groups at the final follow-up.
California ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Shoulder ; Surgeons ; Tenodesis*

Twenty four cases of acromioclavicular seperation were admitted and treated at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University from October 1964 to September 1975. Of these, six cases were subluxations and eighteen cases were dislocations. Acromioclavicular joint injury is relatively rare and there are many methods of treatment. In our cases, all the six subluxations and seven of the eighteen dislocations were treated by conservative method, while eleven of the eighteen dislocations were treated by operative method. The results of all the subluxated cases were satisfactory. In cases of dislocation, the results were considerably better in operated cases with Weavers method.
Acromioclavicular Joint ; Dislocations ; Methods

The introduction of Multidetector-row CT (MDCT) has revolutionized the diagnostic strategy of multitrauma patients. The rapid acquisition of a large scanning volume with a thin slice collimation allows for motion-free images of high spatial resolution, and this enables the application of the multiplanar reformat (MPR) and 3D volume-rendering (VR) images. The MPR images more accurately demonstrate aortic rupture or dissection, diaphragmatic injuries and fracture of vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages. Diagnosing vascular injuries can be aided by using the MIP images. Rib fracture, trachea and bronchial laceration are more easily detected by the 3D images, while airway and vascular injuries can be detected from performing virtual endoscopy. We introduce our current CT imaging protocol and we present our clinical experience with using MDCT in the assessment of patients with blunt thoracic trauma
Aortic Rupture ; Cartilage ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Rib Fractures ; Spine ; Sternum ; Thoracic Injuries* ; Trachea ; Vascular System Injuries

PURPOSE: Using dynamic range compression (DRC) processing, this study compared the detectability ofmediastinal lines by conventional film screen rediography (FS) and by storage phosphor digital radiography(DR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 200 normal consecutive chest radiographs (100 FS, 100 DR) ; dynamic rangecompression was applied to DR processing and moving grids were used in both systems. Seven mediastinal lines (leftfaraspinal, right paraspinal, azygoesophageal, left para-aortic, posterior junctional, anterior junctional andright paratracheal) were scored from 0 point to 3 point(0:not visible, 1:suspiciously visible, 2:visible, but notclear, 3: clearly visible) according to visibility and sharpness, as agreed by a radiologist and a resident. Thedifferences between the two modalities were compared and analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: Among the 1400mediastinal lines analyzed, 419 lines by DR(59.9%) and 232 lines by FS(33.1%) were scored more than 2 points. Inall mediastinal lines except the left para-aortic, DR was more detectable and clearer than FS, with statisticalsignificance(P<.01). CONCLUSION: DR processed with DRC visualizes mediastinal lines more frequently and clearlythan conventional FS, and is therefore thought to be useful for the evaluation of mediastinal diseases.
Mediastinal Diseases ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Radiography* ; Radiography, Thoracic

PURPOSE: We investigated the CT (computed tomography) findings of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs), and we analyzed the diagnostic performance of multidetector row CT (MDCT) for detecting axillary LN metastases in patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 59 patients who preoperatively underwent chest MDCT, and they underwent sentinel LN biopsy or whole axillary LN dissection. We analyzed the morphologic features, the degree of enhancement and the delayed enhancement pattern. We classified the patients into the non-metastatic LN group and the metastatic LN group, and we calculated the diagnostic performance of MDCT for detecting metastatic LNs. RESULTS: When both the morphologic and quantitative criteria were consistent, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 58.1%, 100%, 100% and 68.3%, respectively, and MDCT accurately detected metastatic LNs in 2 patients that were false negative on sentinel LN biopsy. When the morphologic and quantitative criteria were consistent, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 87.1%, 53.6%, 67.5% and 78.9%, respectively. However, MDCT could not detect metastatic LNs, including two micrometastases (a total of 8 micrometastases) that were in each of four patients. CONCLUSION: MDCT can be used to perform the morphology and quantitative analysis of axillary LNs, and this modality has excellent specificity and a PPV for detecting metastatic LNs when the both of the diagnostic criteria are consistent.
Axilla ; Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Lymphatic System ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Micrometastasis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Sodium nitroprusside is reported to inhibite platelet aggregation. We studied the effects of sodium nitroprusside on platelet aggregation function were in 30 adult patients undergoing spine surgery with enflurane anesthesia. Platelet-rich plasma from patients receiving sodium nitroprusside was studied for aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine and collagen. Maximum aggregation rate and maximum aggregation time were evaluated serially from the samples collected at post-induction (pre-sodium nitroprusside infusion), 30 min and 90 min after sodium niroprusside infusion. The mean maximum aggregation rate of adenosone diphosphate, epinepherine and collagen at post-induction decreased significantly 30 min and 90 min after sodium nitroprusside infusion (P 0.05),but maximum aggregation time showed no significant changes. The correlation between total sodium nitroprusside dose delivered and maximum aggregation rate of adenosine diphosphate, epinepherine and collagen were r=-0.54 (P<0.05), r=-0.706 (P<0.05) and r=-0.794 (P<0.05). In summary, in situation in which sodium nitroprusside is administered during deliberate hypotensive anesthesia, the anesthesiologist must be aware of the potential for the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Blood Platelets* ; Collagen ; Enflurane ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Nitroprusside* ; Platelet Aggregation* ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; Sodium* ; Spine

PURPOSE: Antegrade ureteral stenting was attempted in cases where cystoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting had been unsuccessful in the alleviation of a ureteral rupture, stricture or obstruction. Attempts were made to evaluate the clinical outcomes and technical issues of antegrade ureteral stenting in ureteral obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2003, antegrade ureteral stenting was attempted in 15 patients. Here, the results were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 15 patients, the retrograde ureteral stenting failed in 13. The causes of the ureteral obstructions were urological and nonurological malignancies in 12 patients, genitourinary tuberculosis in 2 and endoscopic ureteral trauma in 1. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 15 patients were successfully stented using the antegrade methods. One cervical cancer patient was stented using a pull-through technique. Four out of 6 patients with radiologically completely obstructed ureters were stented successfully. The ureteral stents were removed in two patients where the causes of the ureteral obstructions were relieved. Seven patients were successfully stented for the relief of obstructive renal failure, and all showed rapid decreases in their serum creatinine level and/or improvements on imaging studies. Five patients were successfully stented for the relief a ureteral obstruction, and all showed improvements on imaging studies. Changes of the ureteral stents were performed by cystoscopy in four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Antegrade ureteral stenting is an alternative technique for the alleviation of a ureteral obstruction should retrograde ureteral stenting not be possible. An antegrade ureteral stenting trail is recommended, even in the case of a radiologically complete obstruction on an antegrade ureterogram. Antegrade ureteral stenting is one of the choices for the alleviation of a ureteral obstruction unless the patient has an intravesical obstruction and the inability to move.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Creatinine ; Cystoscopy ; Humans ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Renal Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Stents* ; Tuberculosis ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms