PURPOSE: Recently, the methods for reconstructing the acromion joint focused on an anatomical reconstruction. However, the reports of the anatomical method of the coraco-clavicle ligament have given different descriptions. This paper reports an anatomical study of the coraco-clavicle ligament in Koreans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two coraco-clavicle ligaments distracted from 6 fresh cadavers and 96 drug-administered cadavers were analyzed and calibrated. A quantitative analysis of the shape and location of the attachment site of the coracoid process and clavicle was performed, and the clinical and radiological applications were examined considering the calibrating variables. RESULTS: The conoid and trapezoid ligaments were thick and wide when measured in the middle part, and the average length up to the attachment site of the coracoid process was 11.3+/-3.6mm in men and 9.5+/-2.2mm in women. The average length of the clavicle was 158.5+/-55.7mm in men and 146.6+/-50.9mm in women. The length between the middle of the trapezoid tubercle or conoid tubercle and the lateral edge of the clavicle was 21.7+/-3.2mm and 42.8+/-3.4mm respectfully in men and 20.9+/-1.8mm and 39.9+/-3.3 respectfully in women, respectively. The angles of the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament from the anteroposterior and lateral aspects were measured to be 25+/-8degrees and 19+/-3degrees respectfully in men and 28+/-5degrees and 17+/-3degrees degree respectfully in women. CONCLUSION: A more delicate reconstruction of the coraco-clavicle ligament is believed to be possible with regard to the mean distance from the clavicle to the conoid and trapezoid ligaments and the anticipation of a relationship between these ligaments.
Acromion ; Cadaver ; Clavicle ; Female ; Humans ; Joints ; Ligaments ; Male

PURPOSE: Third generation shoulder arthroplasty is widely performed nowadays; however, few studies on the anatomy of the proximal humerus in the Korean population have been reported. The authors have attempted to review the anatomy of the proximal humerus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 100 humeri of patients with a mean age of 48 years (range of 17 to 83 years) who underwent computed tomography imaging between January 2009 and October 2011 at Myongji Hospital. Diameter of the articular surface, head thickness, radius of curvature, head inclination, head to tuberosity height, bicipital groove-shaft angle, lateral angle, medial offset and posterior offset were analyzed. Results were compared depending on age and gender. RESULTS: Mean values of diameter of the articular surface was 42.70+/-3.57 mm, head thickness was 14.3+/-2.0 mm, and radius of curvature was 22.50+/-1.97 mm; these three variables showed significant sex differences. Head inclination was measured as 130.00+/-4.28 degrees, head to tuberosity height was 7.50+/-0.99 mm, bicipital groove-shaft angle was 6.60+/-0.92 degrees, and lateral angle was 163.40+/-4.05 degrees. Mean medial and posterior offset were 5.2+/-2.1 mm and 3.1+/-1.8 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, the measurement values of Korean humeri can be used in design of the arthroplasty prosthesis, and this will lead to more accurate anatomical reconstruction of the shoulder joint.
Arthroplasty ; Head ; Humans ; Humerus* ; Prostheses and Implants ; Radius ; Sex Characteristics ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Joint

Background: Although patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience high morbidity and mortality worldwide, few biomarkers are available for COPD.Here, we analyzed potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of COPD by using word embedding. Methods: To determine which biomarkers are likely to be associated with COPD, we selected respiratory disease-related biomarkers. Degrees of similarity between the 26 selected biomarkers and COPD were measured by word embedding. And we infer the similarity with COPD through the word embedding model trained in the large-capacity medical corpus, and search for biomarkers with high similarity among them. We used Word2Vec, Canonical Correlation Analysis, and Global Vector for word embedding. We evaluated the associations of selected biomarkers with COPD parameters in a cohort of patients with COPD. Results: Cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) was selected because of its high similarity and its significant correlation with the COPD phenotype. Serum Cyfra 21-1 levels were determined in patients with COPD and controls (4.3 ± 5.9 vs. 3.9 ± 3.6 ng/mL, P = 0.611). The emphysema index was significantly correlated with the serum Cyfra 21-1 level (correlation coefficient = 0.219,P = 0.015). Conclusion Word embedding may be used for the discovery of biomarkers for COPD and Cyfra 21-1 may be used as a biomarker for emphysema. Additional studies are needed to validate Cyfra 21-1 as a biomarker for COPD.

Background: Although patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience high morbidity and mortality worldwide, few biomarkers are available for COPD.Here, we analyzed potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of COPD by using word embedding. Methods: To determine which biomarkers are likely to be associated with COPD, we selected respiratory disease-related biomarkers. Degrees of similarity between the 26 selected biomarkers and COPD were measured by word embedding. And we infer the similarity with COPD through the word embedding model trained in the large-capacity medical corpus, and search for biomarkers with high similarity among them. We used Word2Vec, Canonical Correlation Analysis, and Global Vector for word embedding. We evaluated the associations of selected biomarkers with COPD parameters in a cohort of patients with COPD. Results: Cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) was selected because of its high similarity and its significant correlation with the COPD phenotype. Serum Cyfra 21-1 levels were determined in patients with COPD and controls (4.3 ± 5.9 vs. 3.9 ± 3.6 ng/mL, P = 0.611). The emphysema index was significantly correlated with the serum Cyfra 21-1 level (correlation coefficient = 0.219,P = 0.015). Conclusion Word embedding may be used for the discovery of biomarkers for COPD and Cyfra 21-1 may be used as a biomarker for emphysema. Additional studies are needed to validate Cyfra 21-1 as a biomarker for COPD.

Genome editing has recently emerged as a powerful tool for generating mutant mice. Small deletions of nucleotides in the target genes are frequently found in CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutant mice. However, there are very few reports analyzing the phenotypes in small deleted mutant mice generated by CRISPR/Cas9. In this study, we generated a mutant by microinjecting sgRNAs targeting the IL2 receptor γ gene and Cas9 protein, into the cytoplasm of IVF-derived NOD.CB17/Prkdcscid/JKrb (NOD/SCID) mice embryos, and further investigated whether a 2 bp deletion of the IL2 receptor γ gene affects severe deficiency of immune cells as seen in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2 receptor γ−/− (NSG) mice. Our results show that the thymus weight of mutant mice is significantly less than that of NOD/SCID mice, whereas the spleen weight was marginally less. T and B cells in the mutant mice were severely deficient, and NK cells were almost absent. In addition, tumor growth was exceedingly increased in the mutant mice transplanted with HepG2, Raji and A549 cells, but not in nude and NOD/SCID mice. These results suggest that the NOD/SCID mice with deletion of 2 bp in the IL2 receptor γ gene shows same phenotype as NSG mice. Taken together, our data indicates that small deletions by genome editing is sufficient to generate null mutant mice.