Objective: To explore the clinical effect of artificial dermis on partial nail bed defects. Methods: From May 2013 to September 2016, 16 cases of 21 fingers with partial nail bed defect and bone exposure received primary repair with artificial dermis after debridement. Then the outer dressing was changed 3 days after the operation, and the dressing was changed once every 3 to 5 days. The pink dermis like tissue was placed on the wound surface 2 to 3 weeks after the operation. The wound surface was naturally epithelialized. Results: All the fingers were survived after artificial dermis repair, and the fingertip surface of nail bed defect was epithelialized naturally and healed well. Postoperative follow-up was 5 to 16 months, with an average of 8.2 months. The growth of fingernails was smooth with symmetrical appearance, natural toughness, good adhesion between the nail body and the nail bed, and no pain or hyperesthesia at the tip. Results of curative effect evaluation showed excellent in 18 fingers, good in 3 fingers. Results of patient′s satisfaction with postoperative finger appearance showed very satisfactory in 13 cases and satisfactory in 3 cases. Conclusions The method of repairing partial defect of nail bed using artificial dermis is simple with minimal damage and a good clinical effect.

As the diversity center of Epimedium, China possesses about 50 species. Epimedium plants have been used as herb-medicine for more than 2000 years in China. In recent years, the price of herba epimedii has kept high with the increase in the kinds and quantity of medicine and health products made from herba epimedii. The herba epimedii mainly depends on wild resources, which has led to a sharp decrease in the wild resources due to excessive collection in the field. At present, the supply of the wild resources of Epimedium is far from meeting the demand of production. In this paper, the Global Medicinal Plant Information Geography System (GMPGIS) was used to predict the suitable regions for planting herba epimedii based on climate and soil data in the distribution region of the wild Epimedium. The wild germplasm resources of Chinese Epimedium and the existing three excellent cultivators (Zhongke Jianye 1, Zhongke Qianbei 1 and Zhongke Wushan 1) were also been reviewed and introduced. The pollution-free and precision cultivation system of the herba epimdii, including the selection of planting base, soil complex improvement, seedlings breeding, rational application of fertilizer, comprehensive control of disease and precise field management, were discussed, which would shed light in guiding the pollution- free planting of herba epimedii, and is of great implication for industrial development of herba epimedii.

Objective: To explore the optimal method of microelectrode implantation that can produce efficient mouth closure with microelectrode for orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) in rhesus monkeys with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis (UPFP) in order to provide basis for the research and development of artificial facial nerve prosthesis (AFNP). Methods: Right lateral peripheral facial paralysis model on four healthy rhesus monkeys (two males and two femles, aged 5-6 years, weighed 2.0-3.0 kg) were prepared. AFNP electric stimulation was used to induce closed-mouth reaction of the affected OOM with a one-way rectangular pulse, 50 Hz frequency and 0.2 ms pulse width in vitro. Around the affected lateral OOM, four stimulus electrodes implantation positions were selected at the upper lip (position A), the lower lip (position B), the connection with the corner of the mouth to the ipsilateral tragus (position C), and the horizontal line of the mouth angle (position D). According to the different implantation positions of three stimulation electrodes on the stimulation side of AFNP and the results of our previous study, six groups of microelectrode implantation methods were designed. In Group A, two microelectrodes were implanted at position A and one microelectrode was implanted at position B; in Group B, one microelectrode was implanted at position A, B and C respectively; in Group C, one microelectrode was implanted at position A and two microelectrodes were implanted at position B; in Group D, one microelectrode was implanted at position A, B and D respectively; in Group E, one microelectrode was implanted at position A, C and D respectively; in Group F, one microelectrode was implanted at position B, C and D respectively. The minimum stimulating current (threshold current) required for effective mouth closure were recorded. The threshold and peak current values were compared using one-way ANOVA and LSD-t multiple comparisons. Results: The microelectrodes of the AFNP stimulating side in Group E and F failed to induce a smooth mouth closure. The microelectrodes in A, B, C and D group induced smooth mouth closure. The threshold current value of OOM contraction on affected side in the Group A, B, C, and D were (1.35±0.05), (1.02±0.04), (1.40±0.04) and (1.10±0.02) mA, respectively (F=295.302, P<0.001), with the lowest value in Group B and there was significant difference between the current value in Group B and those in the other groups (all P<0.05). The peak current value of OOM contraction on affected side in the four groups were (3.95±0.02), (2.95±0.03), (3.99±0.05) and (3.51±0.01) mA, respectively (F=1 014.985, P<0.001). Group B showed the best lip-closure morphology observed with naked eyes. Conclusions When three output microelectrode of the AFNP stimulated side are separately imbedded into the upper lip, the lower lip and the connection with the corner of the mouth to the ipsilateral tragus, AFNP can sufficiently induce closed-mouth reaction. These positions are suitable as priority options microelectrodes implantation positions for the microelectrodes of the AFNP stimulated side.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Naoxin'an capsule against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in brains of rats with vascular cognitive impairment （VCI） induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. MethodA total of 150 rats were randomized into modeling group （130 rats） and sham-operated group （20 rats） with the random number table method. The two-vessel occlusion （2-VO） was employed to induce VCI in rats， and finally 87 rats developed VCI. The VCI rats were classified into model group， positive drug group （Aricept， 0.5 mg·kg^-1）， and low-， medium- and high-dose Naoxin'an capsule groups （0.18， 0.36， 0.72 g·kg^-1， separately）， with 17-18 rats in each group. The administration lasted 8 weeks. The learning and working memory of VCI rats were assayed by novel object recognition test and Y-maze test. The 8-oxoguanine （8-OxoG） level was measured based on immunofluorescence staining. Spectrophotometry was performed to determine the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ， Ⅱ， Ⅲ， and Ⅳ， mitochondrial swelling， mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）， and activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase （PDH） and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase （KGDH）. The submicroscopic structure of mitochondria was observed with electron microscope. The phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein （CREB） and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）， nuclear respiratory factor 1 （NRF-1）， and mitochondrial transcription factor A （mt-TFA） were determined by Western blot. The mitochondrial status Ⅳ H₂O₂ generation， activity of cerebral superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） content were measured with the photochemical method. ResultCompared with the sham-operated group， model group showed decrease in new object discrimination index （P<0.01） and spontaneous alternation rate in the Y-maze test （P<0.01）， increase in ROS production in the brain （P<0.01）， reduction in MMP and mitochondrial swelling A value （P<0.01）， obvious mitochondrial swelling， vacuoles and cristae fractures in mitochondria， decrease in the level of phosphorylated CREB， expression of PGC-1α， NRF-1 and mt-TFA （P<0.01）， and activity of the respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ， Ⅱ， Ⅲ， and Ⅳ （P<0.01）， PDH and KGDH in the brain （P<0.01）， rise of the production of H₂O₂ at state IV （P<0.01） and the content of MDA （P<0.01）， and reduction in the activity of SOD and GSH-Px （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each dose of Naoxin'an capsules can improve the new object discrimination index （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the rate of spontaneous alternation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decrease ROS production in the brain （P<0.01）， improve the MMP and swelling A value （P<0.05， P<0.01）， alleviate mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial submicroscopic damage， elevate the phosphorylated CREB level， the expression of PGC-1α， NRF-1 and mt-TFA （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅲ， and Ⅳ， PDH and KGDH （P<0.01）， decrease state Ⅳ H₂O₂ generation （P<0.01） and MDA content （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and raise the activity of SOD and GSH-Px （P<0.01）. ConclusionBy activating the CREB/PGC-1α pathway， Naoxin'an capsule can protect the structure and function of mitochondria， enhance the antioxidant capacity， and inhibit the mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage induced by chronic cerebral ischemia， thus improving the VCI.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi （DHYZ）in improving astrocyte injury in the brain and regulating energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in Alzheimer's disease （AD） model mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control group and the model group were administered with an equal volume of sterilized normal saline by gavage， once a day for 150 days. Novel object recognition test and step-down test were performed to evaluate the learning and memory ability of mice. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in astrocytes was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to detect adenosine triphosphate （ATP）， adenosine diphosphate （ADP）， and adenosine monophosphate （AMP） in brain tissues of mice， and the data obtained were used to calculate energy charge （EC） levels. The phosphorylation levels of liver kinase B1 （LKB1）， adenosine 5′-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， UNC-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1， microtuble-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ， and p62 in mouse brain were measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed decreased novel object recognition index， shortened retention latency， increased error times in the step-down test， up-regulated protein expression of GFAP， decreased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues， elevated AMP ， increased levels of p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR， and protein expression of p62 ， and down-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + DHYZ group. Compared with the model group， the model + DHYZ group showed increased novel object recognition index（P<0.05）， prolonged retention latency（P<0.01）， decreased error times（P<0.01） in the step-down test， reduced protein expression of GFAP（P<0.05）， increased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased AMP content（P<0.05）， reduced p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR levels and protein expression of p62， and up-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）. ConclusionBy protecting astrocytes， DHYZ can improve energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in AD mice to improve the learning and memory ability of model mice.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and protecting synaptic structure and function in the brain of Alzheimer's disease （AD） mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group and the model + Dihuang Yinzi group were administered with Dihuang Yinzi by gavage， and those in the control group and the model group received an equal volume of sterilized normal saline， once a day for 150 days. The learning and memory ability of mice was tested by the light-dark box test and Y-maze spontaneous alternation test. The content of glutamate （Glu） and glutamine （Gln） was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Long-term potentiation （LTP） assay was used to detect synaptic plasticity in brain tissues. The protein expression levels of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 （EAAT2）， postsynaptic density protein95 （PSD95）， and synaptophysin （SYN） in brain tissues were measured by Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the localization and expression of EAAT2. Colorimetry was performed to detect Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity in mouse brain tissues. ResultAs compared with the control group， the model group showed shortened residence latency （P<0.01）， increased number of errors （P<0.01） in the light-dark box test， reduced spontaneous alternation behaviors （P<0.01）， no significant difference in the total number of arm entries in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test， down-regulated expression of EAAT2， PSD95， and SYN （P<0.01）， blunted activity of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase （P<0.01）， up-regulated Glu level （P<0.01）， down-regulated Gln level （P<0.01）， and reduced relative population spike （PS） amplitude and the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potential （EPSP） （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group. Compared with the model group， the model + Dihuang Yinzi group displayed prolonged residence latency （P<0.05）， decreased number of errors （P<0.01） in the light-dark box test， increased spontaneous alternation behaviors （P<0.01）， no significant difference in the total number of arm entries in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test， up-regulated expression of EAAT2， PSD95， and SYN （P<0.01）， potentiated activity of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase （P<0.01）， reduced Glu level （P<0.01）， up-regulated Gln level （P<0.01）， and increased PS amplitude and EPSP slope （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve cognitive dysfunction in AD mice by protecting astrocytes， increasing Glu uptake to reduce its abnormal accumulation， and protecting synaptic structure and function.

Astrocytes are important nerve cells in the central nervous system （CNS）， which mainly play a key role in nutrition and support. Astrocytes and neurons undergo close energy coupling and substance coupling， which are closely related and interact with each other. In recent years， many studies have shown that the astrocyte-neuron coupling imbalance plays a central role in the occurrence and progression of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and serves as an important therapeutic target receiving increasing attention. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory， the main pathogenesis of AD is kidney deficiency and marrow inadequacy， and in clinical medication， kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling TCM prescriptions are often employed with satisfactory results achieved. As reported， many kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling prescriptions exhibit regulatory and protective effects on the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling， suggesting that the effect of kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling prescriptions in treating AD may have some internal relationship with its regulation of the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling. This article reviewed the underlying internal relationship between the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling and the pathogenesis of kidney deficiency and marrow inadequacy in AD and the research progress in the intervention mechanism of TCM for tonifying the kidney and filling the marrow.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and glycolysis in Alzheimer's disease （AD） mice via regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， thereby improving the cognitive function of AD mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group and the model + Dihuang Yinzi group were administered with Dihuang Yinzi by gavage， and those in the control group and the model group received an equal volume of sterilized normal saline， once a day for 150 days. Morris water maze test was performed to test the ability of navigation and space exploration of mice. The protein expression of p-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， phosphofructokinase-1 （PFK-1）， and aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 （ALDH3B2） in mouse brain tissues was measured by Western blot. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect astrocyte morphology and the expression level of ALDH3B2. ResultAs compared with the control group， the model group showed prolonged escape latency during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced number of times crossing the target area of the platform， shortened residence time in the target quadrant （P<0.05， P<0.01）， prolonged residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， increased surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and down-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group. Compared with the model group， the model + Dihuang Yinzi group showed shortened escape latency of APP/PS1 mice during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased number of times crossing the platform， prolonged target quadrant residence time （P<0.05， P<0.01）， shortened residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， reduced surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05）， and up-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve the learning and memory ability of AD mice by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and up-regulating the protein expression of PFK-1 and ALDH3B2 to protect against astrocyte injury in brain tissues and improve glycolysis.