Background Diabetic cataract is one of the major ocular complications in diabetes mellitus,including cortical cataract,nuclear cataract,subcapsular cataract and mixed cataract,and different cataractogenesis may be associated with lens epithelial cells (LECs).Subcapsular cataract is one of diabetic cataracts.Studying the biological behavior of LECs in subcapsular cataract is crucial for prevention and treatment.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) on apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human LECs cultured by high glucose.Methods Human LECs (HLE-B3) were cultured for 24 hours with DMEM containing 5.5 mmol/L glucose (normal control group),DMEM containing 35.5 mmol/L glucose (high glucose group) and DMEM containing 35.5 mmol/L glucose + 10 μmol/L PP1,a specific inhibitor of SFKs (PP1 group).In 3,6,12 and 24 hours after culture,the apoptosis of human LECs was detected by flow cytometry assay;morphological change of human LECs was observed under the inverted microscope,and the expressions of the markers of EMT,E-cadherin and a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA),in the cells were detected by immnofluorescence staining.In addition,the alternations of p-Src418 (active c-Src),bcl-xl,survivin,caspase-3,E-cadherin and α-SMA proteins were assayed by Western blot analysis.Results An elevated expression level of p-Src418 was found in LECs in the high glucose group and peaked 6 hours after cultured.The expressions of p-Src418(grey levels) were 0.125 ±0.036 in the high glucose group,and which was significantly higher than 0.042±0.011 in the normal control group and 0.035 ± 0.018 in the PP1 group,respectively (both at P＜0.01).No remarkable differences were seen in the apoptotic rates between the high glucose group and normal control group in 6,12 and 24 hours after culture (all at P＞0.05).The apoptotic rates of human LECs were(6.433±2.084)％,(10.333±2.610)％ and (8.033±2.967)％ in the PP1 group,which were higher than (3.233 ± 1.320) ％,(3.533 ± 1.159) ％,(5.733 ±0.230) ％ in the high glucose group and (3.133±1.170)％,(2.833±0.751)％,(3.333±1.201)％ in the normal control group (all at P＜0.05),however,there were significant differences in the apoptosis between the high glucose group and the normal control group (all at P＞0.05).In 6 hours and 12 hours after cell culture,the expression levels of bcl-xl and survivin (grey values) in human LECs were significantly declined,but the expression of caspase-3 was increased in the PP1 group compared with the the high glucose group and the normal control group (all at P＜0.05).The LECs showed slender in shape 24 hours after culture in the high glucose group,but the cell shape was close to the normal in the PP1 group.Western blot and immunofluorescence assay revealed that the expression of E-cadherin in human LECs was significantly reduced and that of α-SMA was significantly increased 6 hours after culture in the high glucose group compared with the PP1 group and the normal control group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions High glucose activates c-Src kinase of LECs in high glucose environment and therefore induces EMT and inhibits apoptosis.However,PP1 impedes the biological process of EMT and apoptosis of LECs to maintain the epithelial characteristics even under the stress of high glucose.

Objective To study the characteristics of EEG after tramsient ischemic attack and to offer reference for screening procedure of aircrew and astronaut selection. Method The dominant frequency uncertainty of alpha band EEG in 12 pilots(males; age 30±5) with transient ischemic episodes in middle cerebral artery(MCA) territories and in 20 normal healthy pilots was analyzed with frequency-fluctuation analysis. Result The dominant probability of the main frequency coinciding with sites affected by transient ischaemic attack(TIA) in patient pilots was higher than that in healthy pilots (P<0.01),and the dominant probability ratio logarithmic index I≥0 in all patient pilots with normal EEG, but I<0 in all healthy pilots. It was also found that not only I≥0, but the second component shifted to lower frequency(8 Hz) in patients with slight focal EEG alterations,i.e. slowing of frequency. The relative entropy values (percentage) were decreased significantly in pilots with TIA as compared with healthy pilots (P＜0.05). Conclusion The dominant frequency uncertainty analysis of alpha band showed clear superiority of computerized evaluation over routine visual assessment for the diagnosis of minor cerebral ischemia. It offers not only a possibility of studying pathophysiological functional parameter, but also the reference for screening procedure in aircrew and astronaut selection.

Objective To develop a quality standard for Dongfengju oral liq ui d (DOL). Methods Atalantia buxjfolia, Radix Scrophulariae, Fructus Aurantii in DOL was identified by TLC. Results The obtained TLC spots of Atalantia buxj folia, Radix Scrophulariae, Fructus Aurantii in DOL occurred at the correspond ing positions compared to the controls. Conclusion The method is proved to be simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible and can be used for the quality con trol of DOL.

Aim To investigate the role of TGF-β3 in the anti-proliferation effect of ursolic acid(UA)in co-lon cancer cells and the possible molecular mechanism underlying this effect.Methods We introduced crys-tal violet staining,flow cytometry and Western blot as-say to determine the effect of UA on proliferation and apoptosis in HCT1 1 6 cells.The levels of TGF-β3, Smad2 /3 and β-catenin in HCT1 1 6 cell were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot.Finally,TGF-β3 inhibi-tor and recombinant adenovirus,and luciferase reporter assay were used to analyze the possible mechanism through which TGF-β3 mediated the anti-cancer effect of UA in HCT1 1 6 cells.Results UA inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis apparently in HCT1 1 6 cells.UA down-regulated TGF-β3 both in mRNA and in protein level.Meanwhile,UA decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2 /3 concentration depend-ently,although no significant effect was found on the total protein level of Smad2 /3 in HCT1 1 6 cells.Over-expression of TGF-β3 attenuated the inhibitory effect of UA on the proliferation of HCT1 1 6 cells,while the TGF-β3 inhibitor potentiated this effect. UA sup-pressed the transconduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCT1 1 6 cells through decreasing the level of β-catenin.Exogenous expression of TGF-β3 increased the level of β-catenin and partly reversed the UA-in-duced decrease of β-catenin.However,TGF-β3 inhib-itor potentiated the inhibitory effect of UA on β-catenin in HCT1 1 6 cells.Conclusion The anti-proliferation activity of UA in colon cancer may be partly mediated through down-regulating TGF-β3 to suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling at least.

Objective:To analyze gene expression profiling of left ventricular myocardium in patients with chronic congestive heart failure(CHF)caused by rheumatic heart disease(RHD)with the normal controls in order to identify CHF associated target genes. Methods:The gene expression profiles of left ventricular myocardium from patients with CHF by RHD and normal controls were obtained from six human whole-genomic oligonucleotide microarrays(Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip). GeneSpring software was used to identify the differentially expressed genes in both groups,and bioinformatic analysis was applied to analyze the target genes associated with CHF. Real-time PCR was carried out to validate the expression of three target genes. Results:We identified 102 target genes associated with CHF which were classified into 7 gene clusters. Microarray results were further confirmed by real time PCR for three genes. ATF3 was markedly down-regulated,IGFBP2 and NPPB were notably up-regulated in the left ventricular myocardium samples from CHF patients. Conclusion:A lot of differentially expressed genes,obtained by using the whole-genomic expression profiling technology,might be a contributory factor for the initiation and progression of CHF and it helpful for the understanding of underlying pathophysiological implications. Further investigation on these genes would provide a strategy to identify genetic markers and molecular events associated with CHF caused by RHD.

BACKGROUND:Subdermal contraceptive implants as a novel contraceptive method have been extensively used worldwide.OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress in the non-biodegradable and biodegradable long-term subdermal contraceptive implants and to explore their advantages and disadvantages.METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI,Wanfang,and PubMed (1967-2015) was performed by the first author for relevant articles,using the key words of contraceptive implants,non-biodegradable,biodegradable in Chinese and English,respectively.Initially 240 articles were retrieved,and finally 70 articles were included in result analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Long-term subdermal contraceptive implants that pass through the local capillaries into the blood circulation system can avoid the gastrointestinal absorption,improve the bioavailability of drugs,and reduce adverse drug reactions.According to the performance,there are two kinds of drug carriers,non-biodegradable and biodegradable.Although non-biodegradable implants have been widely used and the contraceptive effect is excellent,the implants must be removed surgically because they cannot be absorbed or metabolized in the body.Significant efforts have been devoted to developing biodegradable implants because they can degrade at the end of use.However,the utility of some biodegradable polymers as drug carriers in implantable applications has been hampered by their shortcomings,and further study on alternative materials is urgently required.

Objective:To observe the acute toxic side effects of liposome PP 1 topically applied in eyes .Methods:PP1 liposomes (10, 60, 400 μmol· L-1 ) were used in one eye of SD rats , 4 times daily.The changes of conjunctiva , cornea and iris were observed under the slit-lamp biomicroscope , for three consecutive days , and evaluated by the stimulus score sheet of anterior segment .One week after the treatment , the corneas , irises and lenses were isolated , and their changes were observed under the light microscope .The ul-trastructural changes of corneal epithelial cells and endothelial cells were observed under the electron microscope .Results:There was a little of conjunctival secretion in one rat in the first day after the treatment with 400 μmol· L-1 PP1 liposomes, and the other rats were not irritant reaction .The corneal fluorescein staining of all rats were negative .The structures of cornea , iris, lens tissue were normal after given different concentrations of PP1 liposomes.Conclusion:PP1 liposomes at Low, medium and high concentrations show no a-cute eye toxicity in SD rats .

Objective To determine the ED50 of dexmedetomidine for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery with induction of propofol. Methods ASA I or II Patients aged 18 to 55 undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery were enrolled. After an bolus dose of dexmedetomidine over 10 min , anaesthesia was induced with target-controled propofol, and then bolus of vecuronium of 0.1 mg/kg was injected when the BIS was between 45 and 55. LM palcement was performed 3 minutes after vecuronium injection. The modified Dixon ’ s up-and-down method was used to determine the bolus dose of dexmedetomidine , starting from 1.0 μg/kg (step size:0.1 μg/kg). Cardiovascular response was defined as an increase in SBP and/or HR by 15% of baseline within 2 min after placement of LMA. The test ended after at least 7 crossovers ( successive ‘response’ or ‘non-response’) were obtained. Probit analysis was used to calculate ED50, ED95 and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The ED50 and ED95 (95% confidence interval) of dexmedetomidine for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of LMA was 0.65 μg/kg (0.44-0.80) μg/kg and 0.94 μg/kg (0.79-2.47) μg/kg. Conclusion Under induction of target-controled propofol , the ED50 of dexmedetomidine is 0.65 μg/kg for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of LMA in female patients.

Objective To discuss the surgical technique of delayed acetabular fractures and its possible prognosis factors.Methods From April 2001 to November 2008,61 patients with delayed acetabular fractures were surgically treated.There were 47 males and 14 males,with an average age of 38 years.According to Letourael classification,16 simple fractures included 7 cases of posterior wall fractures,2 of posterior column fractures,1 of anterior column fractures and 6 of transverse fractures.Forty-five patients with mixed fractures included 3 cases with both fractures posterior column and wall,7 of transverse and posterior wall fractures,4 of T-shape fractures,6 of posteriorly semi-transverse fractures and 25 of both-columns fractures.Fifty-two patients suffered from traffic accident;6 patients were caused by falling from height and 3 suffered from crush injuries.Brain injuries occurred in 11 cases,thorax-abdominal injuries in 15,urinary tract injuries in 7,multiple fractures in 25.The injury of sciatic nerve was found in 3 patients preoperatively.The average interval form injury to surgery was 39 days.A single approach was employed in 13 cases,and combined antero-posterior approaches were employed in 48.The operation time was (248±45) min with a blood loss of (2160±100) ml averagely.Results The average follow-up was (61±8) months.The clinical result was evaluated by Matta reduction criteria,modified Merle d'Aubingne and Postel scoring system.Anatomical reduction was achieved in 45 cases;however,13 were unsatisfactory and 3 were poor.For clinical results,38 were graded as excellent,13 as good,6 as fair and 4 as poor.Osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in 3 cases (4.9%),and heterotopic ossification developed in 28 cases (45.9%).Additionally,4patients (6.6%) had a transient sciatic nerve paralysis.Conclusion Open reduction and internal fixation is a liable method for delayed acetabular fractures.Single approach is suitable for simple fractures;in principle and combined approaches are for compound delayed acetabular fractures.The reduction quality is closely related to surgeon's experience.

Aim To investigate the role of COX-2 in BMP9 induced osteogenic differentiation,and the pos-sible mechanism underlying this function of COX-2. Methods We introduced real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemical staing to detect the effect of BMP9 on COX-2 expression.We employed chemiluminescence technique to assay ALP activities, RT-PCR to detect the expression of Smad6 and Smad7 , and Western blot to measure the expression of Runx2, Dlx-5,total Smad1/5/8,and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8.Finally,BMPR-Smad luciferase reporter assay was applied to measure the activation of BMPs/Smads signaling.Results BMP9 could induce the expression of COX-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells.Either inhibiting enzy-matic activity of COX-2 or knockdown of the expression of COX-2 reduced the BMP9 induced ALP activities in C3H10T1/2 cells,and COX-2 knockdown also inhibited the ectopic bone formation induced by BMP9 in C3H10T1/2 cells.Moreover,COX-2 knockdown inhibi-ted BMPR-Smad reporter activities and the phosphoryl-ation of Smad1/5/8,so did the expression of Smad6 and Smad7 .Conclusion COX-2 may play an impor-tant role in BMP9 induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs by regulating the BMPs/Smads signaling trans-duction.