Objective:To observe any effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on the spatially-delayed responses of working memory using cynomolgus macaques.Methods:The working memory of six male cynomolgus macaques (8-9 years old) was trained using a spatially-delayed response task. They were then randomly divided into an iTBS group and a control group, each of 3. The iTBS group was given iTBS at an intensity of 35% of the maximum output, with 2 seconds of stimulation followed by 8 seconds of rest with trains of 50Hz bursts repeated at a frequency of 5Hz over a period of 192 seconds once daily for 5 days, while the control group was given sham iTBS. Before and after the 5 days, the body weight and working memory of each animal were evaluated. The total number of effective feeding episodes, and of effective feeding episodes with short and long delay periods were recorded.Results:There was no significant change in the average body weight of either group before and after the modeling and iTBS intervention. After the intervention the number of total effective feeding cases and those with a short delay period were both significantly higher in the iTBS group than in the control group. However, no significant inter-group differences in the effective feeding cases with a long delay period were observed.Conclusions:iTBS is effective in improving the spatially-delayed responses of working memory, at least in cynomolgus macaques.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic efficacy difference and clinical diagnostic value of chronic lymphocytic leukemia flow (CLLflow) score and Moreau score (MS) in the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).Methods:According to the latest international and national diagnosis criteria for CLL, 133 patients with B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative diseases and uncertain immunophenotypes (B-CLPD), diagnosed by Zhengzhou Jinyu Comprehensive Haematological Pathology Diagnosis Centre from March 2020 to May 2021, were included in this study. Above patients were divided into the CLL group ( n=83) and non-CLL group ( n=50). The expression of clusters of differentiation (CD)5, CD10, CD20, CD19, κ light chain, λ light chain, FMC7, CD23, CD22, surface immunoglobulin M, CD200 and CD79 were detected by flow cytometry, and CLLflow score and MS score were calculated respectively according to the scoring rules. A fourfold table was used to compare the diagnostic efficacy of the two scoring systems, and the Kappa test and McNemar test were used to compare the consistency and superiority of the systems. Results:The rate of negative and positive CLLflow score were 4.8% (4/83) and 95.2% (79/83) in the CLL group and were 80.0% (40/50) and 20.0% (10/50) in the non-CLL group, and respectively (both P<0.001). The MS score (≤2, =3 and≥4) was 1.2% (1/83), 10.8% (9/83) and 88.0% (73/83) in the CLL group and was 86.0% (43/50), 14.0% (7/50) and 0 in the non-CLL group, there were significant statistical difference between the two groups ( P<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the CLLflow score were 95.2% (79/83), 80.0% (40/50), 88.8% (79/89) and 90.9% (40/44), respectively and those of MS score were 98.8% (82/83), 86.0% (43/50), 92.1% (82/89) and 97.7% (43/44) respectively. The overall coincidence rate, positive and negative coincidence rate between the CLLflow score and MS score were 91.0% (121/133), 93.3% (83/89) and 86.4% (38/44) respectively. Besides, the McNeamr dominance test presented no significant difference ( P>0.05) and high consistency (Kappa=0.796) between the two scoring systems. With MS≤2 and MS≥4, the sensitivity and the specificity of the MS score were 100% (73/73) and 97.7% (43/44) respectively, and for the CLLflow score, the sensitivity and the specificity were 97.3% (71/73) and 86.4% (38/44) in this MS range. With MS = 3, the sensitivity and specificity of the MS score were 100% (9/9) and 0 (0/7), and CLLflow was 88.9% (8/9) and 57.1% (4/7). Conclusions:The diagnostic efficacy is similar and presents high consistency between the CLLflow score and MS score in CLL diagnosis. For CLL patients with MS = 3, the specificity of MS is relatively low, combined assessment with CLLflow score could improve the diagnosis efficacy for CLL in these patients.