Background: Since the introduction of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in Korea in 2017, their annual sales have increased. Several studies have investigated the perceptions of HTPs and smoking cessation behaviors. For the first time, In 2019, questions focused on HTP use were introduced in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). This study aimed to compare smoking cessation behaviors between HTP users and conventional cigarette smokers using KNHANES data. Methods: Data of 947 current adult smokers from the 8th KNHNES (2019) were analyzed. Current smokers were divided into conventional cigarette (CC)–only, HTP-only, and dual-use groups. The general characteristics of the three groups were investigated. Differences in current intention to quit smoking and past attempts to quit smoking among the three groups were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis by IBM SPSS ver. 25.0. Results: HTP-only users demonstrated fewer future smoking cessation plans (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.398; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.195–0.813; P=0.012) and fewer smoking cessation attempts in the past year (AOR, 0.533; 95% CI, 0.298–0.954; P=0.034) than CC-only smokers. However, there was no significant difference between dual-use (CC+HTP) and CC-only smokers. Conclusion While dual-use and CC-only smokers showed similar smoking cessation behaviors, HTP-only users had fewer previous attempts to quit smoking and were less likely to be currently ready to quit smoking. These findings can be explained by a decrease in the need to quit smoking due to the convenience of HTP and the perception that HTPs are less harmful than CC.

OBJECTIVE: To figure out the more optimal method for freezing and thawing the sperm, we compared with the sperm motility after handling of the sperm based on the different types of freezing and thawing methods. METHODS:Twenty four adult males who visited our infertility clinic from Aug 2004 to Feb 2005 were enrolled. We applied two kinds of freezing method to normal sperm according to WHO standard criteria; automatic slow freezing method (Auto) and manual vapor freezing method (Manu). We also use two different methods of thawing; a 37 degreesC warm water bath (37 degreesC) and 22 degreesC room temperature thawing (22 degreesC). Mean motile percent (MMP) was compared by the freezing methods and thawing methods respectively. We also evaluated the motility in four different ways of freezing and thawing combination. A written informed consent was obtained from each client. This study was approved by IRB. RESULTS: MMP by the freezing method was 56% in Auto group and 52% in Manu group. It was significantly different (P=0.037). In thawing method, it was 59% in 37 degreesC group and 49% in 22 degreesC group (P=0.000). Each of freezing and thawing methods was joined to make four different types of freezing and thawing combinations. In MMP there were 63% in Auto/37 degreesC, 50% in Auto/22 degreesC, 56% in Manu/37 degreesC and 48% in Manu/22 degreesC (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The automatic method in freezing and room temperature in thawing showed respectively the highest MMP. In four different types of freezing and thawing combinations, Auto/37 degreesC MMP was the highest. There was no statistical difference. This means that all four types of freezing and thawing methods might be used clinically. If further study of larger population or comparison of fertility is done, we would have a better result.
Adult ; Baths ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Fertility ; Freezing ; Handling (Psychology) ; Humans ; Infertility ; Informed Consent ; Male ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; Water

OBJECTIVE: To figure out the more optimal method for freezing and thawing the sperm, we compared with the sperm motility after handling of the sperm based on the different types of freezing and thawing methods. METHODS:Twenty four adult males who visited our infertility clinic from Aug 2004 to Feb 2005 were enrolled. We applied two kinds of freezing method to normal sperm according to WHO standard criteria; automatic slow freezing method (Auto) and manual vapor freezing method (Manu). We also use two different methods of thawing; a 37 degreesC warm water bath (37 degreesC) and 22 degreesC room temperature thawing (22 degreesC). Mean motile percent (MMP) was compared by the freezing methods and thawing methods respectively. We also evaluated the motility in four different ways of freezing and thawing combination. A written informed consent was obtained from each client. This study was approved by IRB. RESULTS: MMP by the freezing method was 56% in Auto group and 52% in Manu group. It was significantly different (P=0.037). In thawing method, it was 59% in 37 degreesC group and 49% in 22 degreesC group (P=0.000). Each of freezing and thawing methods was joined to make four different types of freezing and thawing combinations. In MMP there were 63% in Auto/37 degreesC, 50% in Auto/22 degreesC, 56% in Manu/37 degreesC and 48% in Manu/22 degreesC (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The automatic method in freezing and room temperature in thawing showed respectively the highest MMP. In four different types of freezing and thawing combinations, Auto/37 degreesC MMP was the highest. There was no statistical difference. This means that all four types of freezing and thawing methods might be used clinically. If further study of larger population or comparison of fertility is done, we would have a better result.
Adult ; Baths ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Fertility ; Freezing ; Handling (Psychology) ; Humans ; Infertility ; Informed Consent ; Male ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; Water

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (MKS) is a disease characterized by dilation of the trachea and mainstem bronchi. Due to the risk of airway leakage, pulmonary aspiration, and tracheal damage, MKS can be fatal in patients undergoing tracheal intubation. Moreover, MKS may not be diagnosed preoperatively due to its rarity. In this case, a patient undergoing neurosurgery was incidentally diagnosed with MKS during general anesthesia. During anesthesia induction, difficulties in airway management led the anesthesiologist to suspect MKS. Airway leakage was resolved in this case using oropharyngeal gauze packing. Anesthesiologists should be aware of the possibility of MKS and appropriate management of the airways.
Airway Management ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Bronchi ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Neurosurgery ; Trachea ; Tracheobronchomegaly

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the angiographic features and clinical course, including treatment outcomes and the natural course, of fusiform middle cerebral artery aneurysms (FMCAAs) according to their location, size, and configuration.METHODS: We reviewed the literature on adult cases of FMCAAs published from 1980 to 2018; from 25 papers, 112 FMCAA cases, for which the location, size, and configuration could be identified, were included in this study. Additionally, 33 FMCAA cases in our hospital were included, from which 16 were assigned to the observation group. Thus, a total of 145 adult FMCAA cases were included. We classified the FMCAAs according to their location (l-type 1, beginning from prebifurcation; l-type 2, beginning from bifurcation; l-type 3, beginning from postbifurcation), size (small, <10 mm; large, ≥10 mm; giant, ≥25 mm), and configuration (c-type 1, classic dissecting aneurysm; c-type 2, segmental ectasia; c-type 3, dolichoectatic dissecting aneurysm).RESULTS: The c-type 3 was more commonly diagnosed with ischemic symptoms (31.8%) than hemorrhage (13.6%), while 40.9% were found accidentally. In contrast, c-type 2 was more commonly diagnosed with hemorrhagic symptoms (14.9%) than ischemic symptoms (10.6%), and 72.3% were accidentally discovered. According to location, ischemic symptoms and hemorrhage were the most frequent symptoms in l-type 1 (28.6%) and l-type 3 (34.6%), respectively. Most of l-type 2 FMCAAs were found incidentally (68.4%). Based on the size of FMCAAs, only 11.1% of small aneurysms were found to be hemorrhagic, while 18.9% and 26.0% of large and giant aneurysms were hemorrhagic, respectively. Although four aneurysms of the 16 FMCAAs in the observation group increased in size and one aneurysm decreased in size during the observation period, no rupture was seen in any case and there were no significant predictors of aneurysm enlargement. Of 104 FMCAAs treated, 14 cases (13.5%) were aggravated than before surgery and all the aggravated cases were l-type 1.CONCLUSION: While ischemic symptoms occurred more frequently in l-type 1 and c-type 3, hemorrhagic rather than ischemic symptoms occurred more frequently in l-type 3 and c-type 2. In case of l-type 1 FMCAAs, more caution is required in determining the treatment due to the relatively high complication rate.
Adult ; Aneurysm ; Aneurysm, Dissecting ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Natural History ; Rupture