Objective:To investigate the effect of capsaicin on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced microglial inflammatory response by modulating silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1(SIRT1)/high mobility group box-1 protein(HMGB1)/nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Methods:BV2 mouse microglia were cultured in vitro,and pretreated with capsaicin(10 μmol/L),SIRT1 inhibitor EX527(100 μmol/L),capsaicin+EX527(10 μmol/L capsaicin+100 μmol/L EX527)for 3 hours,and then treated with LPS(1 μg/ml)for 24 hours,the corresponding groups were LPS group,LPS+capsaicin group,LPS+EX527 group,and LPS+capsaicin+EX527 group,a normal cultured control group(Control)was also set up.Morphological changes of BV2 cells in each group were observed under a microscope;CCK-8 method was used to detect the viability of BV2 cells in each group;immunofluo-rescence staining was applied to detect the positive expressions of ionic calcium adaptor protein(Iba-1)and the polarization of M1(positive for CD16/32)/M2(positive for CD206)subtypes in BV2 cells in each group;ELISA was applied to detect levels of inflamma-tory factors in BV2 cells in each group;Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation were applied to detect expression of SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in each group.Results:Compared with Control group,BV2 cells in LPS group were atro-phied,with shortened processes,the cell viability,and levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-6 were increased,Iba-1 positive expression of BV2 cells and M1 type BV2 cells were increased,while expression of SIRT1 protein was decreased,expressions of acetylated(ace)-HMGB1 protein,cytoplasmic HMGB1 protein and nuclear NF-κB protein were increased(P<0.05);after capsaicin pretreatment,the above conditions were improved,and the M2 type BV2 cells were increased;adding EX527 pretreatment on the basis of capsaicin pre-treatment,the above conditions were all aggravated.Conclusion:Capsaicin can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by LPS-in-duced BV2 cell activation,which may be achieved by modulating the SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of ultramini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in treatment of moderate-sized (about 1-2 cm) renal lower caliceal calculi.Methods From March 2015 to December 2016,patients in our hospital scheduled for surgery due to renal lower caliceal calculi with the greatest diameter of 10-22 mm were prospectively analyzed.Patients were randomized into two groups according to the random number table.Group UMP's operational channel was only F14 and the nephroscope's diameter was 1 mm.200 μm holmium laser lithotripsy was used to break the stones which was rushed out by eddy cuurent.In Group RIRS,all patients needed placing a F6 double J stent preoperatively for two weeks.A flexible ureteroscope sheath required imbedding intraoperatively.The stones were smashed by 200 μm holmium laser lithotripsy through the WOLF flexible ureteroscope.The intraoperative and postoperative datas including stone-free status and the complications were compared.Results 100 patients were enrolled in the study 50 patients in Group UMP,28 were male and 22 were female,mean age was 43.4 ± 7.9 years old.Mean stone size was 14.5 ±3.0 mm(range 10-22 mm).Among them,18 cases were complicated with mild and moderate hydronephrosis.The other 50 cases were allocated to Group RIRS,including 31 males and 19 females.Their mean age was 44.5 ± 8.3 years old and mean stone size was 13.7 ± 3.1 mm (range 10-21 mm).Among them,16 cases were complicated with mild and moderate hydronephrosis.No statistically significant difference were seen between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).After three months' follow-up,one-time stone free rate(SFR) of UMP group was 94.0％ (47/50),which was significantly more superior than the 72.0％ (36/50) of the RIRS group(P ＜ 0.05).The intraoperative decrease in hemoglobin were (7.8 ± 3.3) g/L vs.(3.1 ± 3.4) g/L,and operating time(26.5 ± 6.1) min vs.(43.3 ± 6.3) min.Significant differences were also seen between the two groups(P ＜0.05).There was more blood loss and less operating time in the group of UMP.The hospital stay,delayed hemorrhage and postoperative fever between the UMP and RIRS groups were (4.3±1.3)d vs.(3.24 ± 1.21)d,8.0％ (4/50)vs.0(0/50),16.0％ (8/50)vs.12.0％ (6/50) respectively.No significant differences were seen (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Both UMP and RIRS procedures are effective and safe in the treatment of moderate-sized renal lower caliceal calculi.Compared with RIRS,UMP may be more effective and has less operating time,however wtih more intraoperative blood loss.

Objective:To investigate the impact of age and gender on kinetic visual acuity (KVA) and static visual acuity (SVA) in school children accepting physical activities. Methods:From May, 2018 to September, 2019, 1465 school children from various schools of Suzhou City were measured SVA and KVA with standard logarithmic visual chart and KVA detector. Results:KVA increased with age as six to nine years old, and decreased as eleven to 14. KVA was better in boys than in girls (t = 5.147, P < 0.001). SVA decreased with age as six to eight years old, fluctuated as eight to eleven, and decreased as eleven to 14, especially for girls. SVA was also better in boys than in girls (t = 3.692, P < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with age as six to eight years old, and increased more significantly as eleven to 14. There was a low positive correlation between age and KVA (r = 0.046, P < 0.05), and a moderate negative correlation between age and SVA (r = -0.364, P < 0.05). KVA was positively correlated with SVA (r = 0.409, P < 0.05). Age, gender, KVA, right SVA and left SVA were the factors related with SVA. Conclusion:Vision is better in school boys than in girls. There is positive correlation between age and KVA. It is necessary to develop physical exercise according to age and gender to improve vision development, especially at the sensitive stage of visual function.