Objective To investigate the changes in plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10, pHi and the difference between tissue and arterial PCO2 [(P(t-a)CO2 ] during pulmonary surgery and the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on cytokine production and gut mucosal perfusion. Methods Twenty ASA class Ⅰ - Ⅱ patients undergoing elective pulmonary surgery, were randomly assigned to be operated upon under general anesthesia (group GA , n = 10) or under general anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia (group GEA, n - 10) . Premedication in both groups consisted of pethidine 50mg and scopolamine 0.3 mg im 30 min prior to surgery and oral ranitidine 150 mg the night and 1 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 ug?kg-1 , droperidol 1 mg, propofol 1.5-2.5 mg?kg-1 and succinylcholine 1-2 mg?kg-1 and maintained with inhalation of 1%-2.5% isoflurane and 50% N2O in oxygen and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl and vecuronium. In GEA group epidural catheter was inserted through the needl placed at T7-8 or T8-9 and advanced cephalad for 2.5-3.0 cm. A loading dose of morphine 2 mg was given followed by epidural infusion of 0.4% ropivacaine at a rate of 6 ml?h-1 during maintenance of anesthesia and the concentration of isoflurance inhaled was reduced to 0.6%-1. 5% . Postoperative analgesia was provided by epidural infusion of 0.25% ropivacaine at 6-8 ml/2h until the morning of the 3rd postoperative day. Blood samples were taken before induction, at incision and 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after the incision and on the 1st and the morning of the 3rd postoperative day for determination of IL-6 ( by radioimmunoassay) and IL-10 (ELISA) . P(t-a)CO2 and pHi were assessed by tonometry before induction, at incision and 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after the incision. Results (1) IL-6 and IL-10 increased significantly during operation as compared with the baseline value before induction in both groups and there was no significant difference between the two groups. (2) pHi decreased significantly during operation in both groups and there was no significant difference between the two groups. pHi was negatively correlated with IL-6. (3) P(t-a)CO2 increased significantly during operation in both groups and was negatively correlated with pHi. P(t-a)CO2 was significantly higher in GA group than that in GEA group at 4h after skin incision. Conclusion Pulmonary surgery elicits both pro- and and-inflammatory cytokine response which is not affected by thoracic epidural analgesia. Thoracic surgery leads to gut mucosal hypoperfusion of which P(t-a)CO2 is an indicator. Thoracic epidural anesthesia can improve gut mucosal perfusion. There may be some correlation between cytokine production and gut mucosal hypoperfusion.

Objective To study the antimicrobial resistance changes of common pathogenic bacterial isolates in Guangzhou. Methods Disc diffusion test was used to measure the antibiotic susceptibility of 5063 strains collected from 13 hospitals in Guangzhou from 1998 to 2000 (Fastidious bacteria were detected by E test). Results From 1998 to 2000, the percentage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 45.3%,53.0%, and 50.8%, respectively, and that of methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus was 64.1%, 86.0%, and 79.0% accordingly. There was no resistance to vancomycin in the strains of Staphyloccocas and there were 40.7%, 31.8% and 36.4% in E.coli and 43.1%, 42.7%, and 31.5% in Klebsiella found to be extended spectrum lactamases producing in the 3 years. Resistant rates of Enterobacter spp against the third generation cephalosporins increased. Resistant rates of P.aeruginosa against cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceftazidime,amikacin were changed unmarkedly in recent years. Conclusions The antimicrobial resistance of common pathogenic bacteria is serious in Guangzhou area. The surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is of great significance.

Proinsulin(PI)_(AUC) increased,and insulin action index,HOMA-? and △I_(30)/△G_(30) decreased progressively from NGT(n=131) to IGT(n=120) to T2DM(n=107).Obese group had higher HOMA?,Ins_(AUC),C-P_(AUC) and PI_(AUC) than did the non-obese group.

Objective:To explore the change of the behaviour, cognition and emotion of the public in Beijing during different prevalence of SARS Method: "Questionnaire on SARS" was designed by authors Through e-mails or websites, 473 valid copies were collected in Beijing Result:Facing with SARS, the public in Beijing faced high pressure from the environment They concerned with the information on SARS very much, and adopted more self-protection behaviours, such as wearing masks, paying more attention on personal hygiene Some people also showed irrational behaviours, such as storing cashes and food, taking the temperature too much times within one day and so on As for the cognition, people thought they should adjust themselves psychologically in order to overcome SARS related problems without being panic When the SARS cases increasing, physical and psychological stricture made people feel more nervous, panic, helpless, angry and pessimistic, as well as less excited, calm and numb The cognition, behaviour and the emotion of Beijing's public varied along with the situation in Beijing and in China

Objective:To investigate the correlation between plasma concentration and effective dose of tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous nephropathy. Methods: Totally 41 patients with membranous nephropathy were given tacrolimus combined with hor-mone at low dose. The valley plasma concentration of tacrolimus was detected using a homogeneous enzyme multiplied immunoassay method. According to the changes of 24-hour urine protein,serum albumin and kidney function, the clinical efficacy was evaluated. The correlation between curative effect and plasma concentration and dosage of tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous nephropathy was analyzed. Results:The plasma concentration of tacrolimus was (7. 47 ± 2. 74) ng·ml-1 and the dosage of administration was (0.047 ±0.007)mg·kg-1·d-1 in complete remission group, that in partial remission group respectively was (5.72 ±1.19)ng· ml-1 and(0.049 ±0.008)mg·kg-1·d-1, and that in non-remission group was respectively (3.30 ±1.08 )ng·ml-1 and (0.052 ± 0. 01)mg·kg-1·d-1. Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of membranous nephropathy has close rela-tionship with the plasma concentration,and that is promising when the plasma concentration within the range of (5. 10-9. 32) ng· ml-1 . The plasma concentration of tacrolimus isn't increased with the dosage increase in some patients.

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Xiaocuo emulsion and to study its stability.METHODS:The formula and techniques were optimized with metronidazuo,cimetidine,chloramphenicol and salicylic acid as the chief ingredients,and with the uniformity of emulsion as the indicator.The stability test was performed using storage test and accelerated centrifugal test.RESULTS:The optimized formula was the following,5ml azone,4ml tween-80,1g metronidazole,2g cimetidine,2g chloramphenicol,1g salicylic acid and 100ml deionized water.CONCLUSION:The preparation is reasonable in formula,simple in preparative techniques,stable in quality and feasible in production.

With the popularization of rehabilitation and the development of the physiotherapy, some chronic diseases do not only mean the history of the patients, but also the objects of physiotherapy. The exercises will affect the cardiopulmonary function of the patient, and result in a high risk of accident. This article would review the risk factors and risk management in physiotherapy for chronic diseases.

Objective: To revise the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS), which are self-related social anxiety measurements developed by Mattick and his colleagues. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of more than 1,300 college students of Beijing and analyzed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, reliability test and validity test. Results: The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the revised SIAS and SPS were single-factor construct and had good construct validities. The Cronbach's ? coefficient of the SIAS scale was 0.874, the reliability coefficient of split-half was 0.862, and the test-retest stability coefficient was 0.863. The Cronbach's ? coefficient of the SPS scale was 0.904, the reliability coefficient of split-half was 0.865, and the test-retest stability coefficient was 0.849. The correlation between total score of SIAS and that of Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale(FNE) was 0.514, and the correlation between total score of SPS and that of FNE was 0.479. Conclusion: The revised scales of SIAS and SPS has good psychometric quality and can be used in Chinese college students.

0 05) CONCLUSION:The two products of valaciclovir tablet are bioequivalent

Betulinic acids are lupine-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins commonly found in some plants of Betulaceae family, especially in the bark of betula alba (birch). The potent anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities of betulinic acids have been greatly concerned. The natural betulinic acids include betulinic acid, 23-hydroxy betulinic acid, betulin and so on. Some investigations on the structural modifications of betulinic acids were carried out, and many derivatives with excellent biological activity have been obtained nowadays. In this paper, the research advances of the structural modification of betulinic acids, as well as their anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities are reviewed.