Objective To evaluate the significance of fibreoptic bronchoscopy combined with percutaneous pneumocentesis in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions.Methods 269 patients with peripheral pulmonary diseases were diagnosed with fibreoptic bronchoscopy biopsy combined with bronchial brush biopsy.In 89 out of the 269 patients no positive findings were obtained,because the lesions were located in the lung hilum,medial sphere or mesosphere,when X-ray guided fibreoptic bronchoscopy biopsy combined with bronchial brush biopsy were employed.In 77 out of the 89 patients positive fingings were still lacking,as their lesions were located in the mesosphere or peripheralzone,when X-ray guided percutaneous pneumocentesis biopsy was used.In 70 out of the 77 patients,positive fingings were lacking,as their lesions were just beneath the chest wall,when B-ultrasonography guided percutaneous automatic elastic biopsy was employed.Results 276 times of fibreoptic bronchoscopy biopsy combined with bronchial brush biopsy were performed in 269 patients,final diagnosis was obtained in 82 of them,with a diagnostic rate of 30.5%;94 times of X-ray guided fibreoptic bronchoscopy biopsy combined with bronchial brush biopsy were performed in 89 patients,and final diagnosis was obtained in 66 patients,with a diagnostic rate of 74.2%;85 times of X-ray guided percutaneous pneumocentesis biopsy were performed in 77 patients,final diagnosis was obtained in 52,with a diagnostic rate of 67.5%;79 times of B-ultrasonography guided percutaneous automatic elastic biopsy were performed in 70 patients,final diagnosis was obtained in 49,with a diagnostic rate of 70.0%.A final diagnosis was made in a total of 249 patients,with a diagnostic rate of 92.6% when 4 methods were used in combination.Conclusion Combined use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with percutaneous pneumocentesis biopsy may remarkably raise the diagnostic rate in the patients with peripheral pulmonary diseases,and is worth to be recommended for general use in clinical work.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of the estrogen receptor(ER) subsets ER?,ER? and Ki-67 in tissues of different thyroid diseases.Methods The pathological data of 93 patients with thyroid diseases were collected from Jun.2003 to Jun.2007,including thyroid carcinoma(56 cases),thyroid follicular adenoma(13 cases),nodular goiter(14 cases) and normal thyroid tissue(10 cases).S-P immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expressions of ER?,ER? and Ki-67 in the thyroid tissues.Results ER? and ER? were expressed in the plasma and nuclei of thyroid epithelial cells,and ER? was also expressed in the stroma.The positive rates of ER? expression in cases with thyroid carcinoma,thyroid follicular adenoma,nodular goiter and normal thyroid tissue was 87.5%,69.2%,42.9% and 30.0%,respectively,with significant difference between carcinoma and goiter or normal thyroid tissue(P0.05).Conclusion ER? and ER? may play an aggravating effect on cell proliferation in the disease course of the thyroid carcinoma.The expressions of ER? and Ki-67 are related to invasion and metastasis of thyroid carcinoma.

Objective To explore distribution of the estrogen receptor alpha(ER?)and estrogen receptor beta(ER?)in meibomian gland tissue of the normal female rats.Methods 22 SD female rats were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra,the tarsal plate tissues of the upper eyelids were in paraffin imbedding and made to a series of sections which were then studied by means of immunohistochemical method,and the uterus of rats was used as positive control and PBS as negative control.The serum estradiol level of rats was detected by radioimmunoassay.Results ER? and ER? were expressed in acinar epithelia of meibomian glands.Among 22 rats,21 rats(95.4%) were found to be ER? positive expression in the basa cell of the meibomian gland acinar,15 rats(68.2%) were found to be ER? positive expression in transitional cell and mature cell of the meibomian gland acinar.14 rats(63.6%) were found to be ER? positive expression in the basa cell of the meibomian gland acinar,8 rats(36.4%) were found to be ER? positive expression in transitional cell and mature cell of the meibomian gland acinar.The positive staining rate for ER? was higher than that for ER?,which have statistically significant difference(P

Objective To investigate the pathological features of airway remodeling and evaluate interventional effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), an important mediator of airway remodeling, in guinea pig asthma model. Methods Guinea pigs were randomly divided into the control group, asthma group, and antibody NGF intervention group (each group had 8 guinea pigs). In the asthma group the animals were sensitized by repeated exposure to aerosolized ovalbumin combined with Al(OH)_3. The thickness of the smooth muscle of intrapulmonary bronchi was measured by image analysis system. The expression of MMP-9 in bronchi and lung tissues were assayed with immunohistochemistry combined with the micro-image analysis system. The levels of MMP-9 mRNA in bronchi and lung tissues were determined by RT-PCR. Results After repeated allergen challenge, obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells and proliferation of goblet cells and smooth muscle were demonstrated in guinea pig bronchi. Expression levels of MMP-9 in the epithelial cells of bronchi were significantly higher in asthmatic animals than those of control group animals. Compared with asthmatic group, there was mild inflammation reaction, and decrease in collagen deposition and expression of MMP-9 in antibody NGF group animals, and they were not significantly higher than that in control group animals. Conclusions Repeated exposure of allergen induced airway inflammation and remodeling. MMP-9 plays an important role in airway remodeling. Antibody NGF intervention could inhibit airway remodeling through inhibition of the expression of MMP-9.

Objective To research the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha ( Erα) and estrogen receptor beta ( Erβ) in uvea tissues of the female rats, and to provide molecular biology data for further studies of the relation estrogen to uvea diseases. Methods Twenty-two adolescent SD female rats were selected. All rats were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra, the eyeballs were in paraffin imbedding and made to a series of sections, using immunohistochemical method;Erα and Erβ distribution were investigated in uvea tissue of rats;and quantitied by Tanaka scores analytical method. The uteri of rats was used as positive control and PBS as negative control. The level of estradiol in serum of the rats were examined by radioimmunoassay. Results The expression level of Erβ was moderate or highter in stroma cell, anterior pigment epithelium as well as pasterior pigment epithelium of the iris, unpigmented epithelium, pigmented ciliary epithelium and vascular endocemet of the choroid layers. But Erα was not obviously expressed in uvea tissues. The expression rate of Erβ was higher than Erα in these tissues(P＜0.05). Immnoreactivity positive substance was granule, which was distributed in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The level of estradiol in serum of the rats was (22.13±3.54)ng/L.Conclusion The expression of either Erα or Erβ in uvea tissues of rats is mainly in Erβ. The results indicate that uvea tissue is regulated directly by estrogen throught Erβ.

Aim To investigate the changes of plasticity and distribution in the lungs of asthmatic guinea pigs.Methods Guinea pigs were divided into asthma group and control group.Immunohistochemistry was used in this study to observe the changes of ERK1/2 and Elk phosphoryiation in the lungs of guinea pigs.Results There were significant changes in distribution of EPK1/2 and Elk in the lungs of asthma group.The positive cells were detected on the walls of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts,especially on the smooth muscle layer and basement membrane.In addition,the numbers of positive cell were clearly increased in asthma group(P< 0.01). Conclusion There is close relationship between the EPK1/2 and Elk phosphoryiation and attack of asthma.It may be a reason for persistence and progress of asthma.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmnedetomidine pretreatment on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of rats undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV).Methods Ninety adult male SpragueDawley rats,aged 10-11 months,weighing 260-300 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table:two-lung ventilation (TLV) group,group OLV and dexmedetomidine pretreatment group (group D).Dexmedetomidine 25 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 45 min before OLV in group D.After tracheal intubation,the animals were ventilated in volume-controlled mode.OLV was performed for 90 mnin followed by 30 min of TLV in OLV and D groups.TLV was performed for 120 min in group TLV.On 1,3 and 7 days after ventilation,6 rats in each group were selected,and Morris water maze test was carried out to evaluate the cognitive function.The swimming speed,time of staying at the target quadrant,and frequency of crossing the platform quadrant were recorded.Six rats in each group were selected immediately after ventilation and sacrificed,the hippocampi were removed for detection of cell apoptosis,and the apoptosis index was calculated.Immediately after ventilation and on 1,3 and 7 days after ventilation,6 rats in each group were selected and sacrificed,and the hippocampi were removed for determination of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2),phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (pCREB),Bcl-2 and Bax expression.The ratio of Bcl-2 expression to Bax expression (Bcl-2/Bax ratio) was calculated.Results Compared with group TLV,the time of staying at the target quadrant was significantly shortened,the frequency of crossing the platform quadrant was decreased,the apoptosis index was increased,the expression of pERK1,pERK2,pCREB and Bcl-2 was down-regulated,the expression of Bax was up-regulated,and Bcl-2/Bax ratio was decreased in group OLV (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group OLV,the time of staying at the target quadrant was significantly prolonged,the frequency of crossing the platform quadrant was increased,the apoptosis index was decreased,the expression of pERK1,pERK2,pCREB and Bcl-2 was up-regulated,the expression of Bax was down-regulated,and Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased in group D (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine pretreatment decreases apoptosis in hippocampal neurons through activating ERK/CREB signaling pathway,thus reducing cognitive dysfunction of rats undergoing OLV.

The expressions of estrogen receptor (ER) α,ERβ1,and ERβ2 in thyroid carcinoma,thyroid adenoma,and adjacent normal thyroid tissue were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry,and the relationship of expression levels of three ERs and the main clinical pathologic parameters were evaluated.The result showed that ERα mRNA expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) tissues was significantly higher than adjacent normal tissue,while,ERβ2 mRNA expression in PTC tissues was significantly lower than normal tissue ( P＜0.05 ).The positive expression of ERβ1 and ERβ2 in the thyroid carcinoma was related with the histological variant of carcinomas; the ERβ2 expressions were related with the lymph node metastasis and TNM staging of the carcinomas.These results suggest that the decreased ERβ2 expression may induce proliferation and carcinogenesis of thyroid follicular epithelial cells as well as progression of the carcinoma,and is a powerful prognostic indicator.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of the estrogen receptor beta isoforms and survivin in thyroid tumors. Methods The pathological data of 125 patients with thyroid tumors were, collected from june 2003 to june 2007 in our institution, including thyroid carcinoma (86 cases), thyroid follicular adenoma (39 cases) and normal thyroid tissue (10cases). SP immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expressions of ERβ and survivin in the thyroid tumors. Results ERβ not only was detected in the thyroid epithelial cell plasma and nuclear, but also in the stroma. The positive rate of ERβ in cases with thyroid carcinoma, adenoma and normal thyroid tissue were 83.72 %, 51.28 % and 20.00 % respectively. There was significant difference between carcinoma and the adenoma or normal thyroid tissue (P<0.05). The positive rate of survivin in cases with carcinoma, adenoma and normal thyroid tissue were 59.30 %, 17.95 % and 0 respectively. There was significant difference between carcinoma and the adenoma or normal thyroid tissue (P<0.05). The expressions of ERβ and survivin correlated with TNM staging and lymph node metastasis of thyroid carcinoma (P<0.05). Conclusion ERβ may play a role in accelerating proliferation in the occurrence of the thyroid carcinoma. The expressions of ERβ and survivin are related to invasion and metastasis of thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the hepatotoxicity which induced by rifamycin sodium and isoniazid by alone or combination in mice. METHODS: Forty mice were divided randomly into 4 groups: the sodium chloride group, the rifamycin sodium group, the isoniazid group and the drug - combination group. The drugs were administered to mice by i. p. or i. g. once daily for 8 days. Each mouse was killed by ophthalmectomy. The blood was collected and the liver was excised immediately. The activity of serum ALT and AST was measured and the liver index in mice was calculated. Light microscope was used to observe the histopathological changes of the hepatic cells. RESULTS: The liver index and the activity of serum ALT and AST increased in all groups expect the sodium chloride group( P