Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)is one of the numbers of neurotrophic factors.GDNF is involved in many physiological and pathological actions.Moreover,GDNF plays an important role in the neuropathic pain generation and development at central nerve system level,or at peripheral level.This paper provides an overview of the evolution of GDNF and neuropathic pain research in recent years.

Astrocyte is the most amount cell population of the central nervous system, which has complex signal transduction pathway. Astrocyte involves in many physiological actions and pathological processes. Further more, Astrocyte plays an important role in neuropathic pain generation and development at central nerve system level, or at peripheral level. This paper reviewed the evolution of astrocyte and neuropathic pain research in recent years.

Ovbective To study the protective effects of 17?-estradiol on isolated ischemic rat hearts in a modified Langendorff model. Methods Thirty rats performed bilateral ovariectomies were divided equally into three groups at random. A three-phase protocol was performed: (1) 15-minutes preperfusion,(2) 30-minutes global ischemia,(3) 30-minutes reperfusion. Treatment with 0.1% DMSO (group D) and 5 ?mol/L 17?-estradiol+0.1% DMSO (group E) dissolved in K-H buffer was perfused from sixth minutes of reperfusion. Only K-H was perfused in the ischemia-reperfusion group (group I-R). The left ventricular pressure (LVP) and it's first derivative (?dp/dt max ) and coronary flow (CF) were recorded at the 15th minute of preperfusion and the 30th minute of reperfusion. Creatin phosphokinase (CPK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) the coronary effluent,the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of myocardium were measured at the 30th minute of reperfusion. Results After 30-minute reperfusion,restoration of heart function of group E treated with 17?-estradiol were better than that of group I-R and group D,with a higher coronary flow,and a lower CPK and LDH level (P

Objective To investigate the effect of HES 130/0.4 or sodium lactate Ringer's solution injected before operation on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods Sixty patients (ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ) undergoing LC were randomly assigned to three groups: patients in group A were injected intravenously with 2 ml/kg sodium lactate Ringer's solution before anesthesia; group B was given 10 ml/kg sodium lactate Ringer's solution; and in group C, the patients were given 10 ml/kg 6% HES 130/0.4. The following data were recorded: blood pressure and heart rate before and after operation, and 0, 5, 10, and 15 min after induction; durations of anesthesia and operation; rate of PONV on the first postoperative day; and the number of cases who were given antiemetics. Results The age, weight, and durations of anesthesia and operation were similar among the 3 groups. The MAP was decreased significantly after induction in the three groups (P0.05). In the group A, 7 patients were given antiemetics that was significantly more than that in the groups B (3/20) and C (1/20). (A vs C, ?2=3.906, P=0.048; B vs C, ?2=0.278, P=0.598) . Conclusions Compared with 2 ml/kg sodium lactate Ringer's solution, 10 ml/kg HES 130/0.4 or 10 ml/kg sodium lactate Ringer's solution injected intravenously before operation may reduce the rate of PONV in patients undergoing LC, and decrease the proportion of those who need antiemetics after operation.

0.1), but duration of sensory and motor block in S group was longer than that in C group (P

Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods Male SD rats 6 weeks old weighing 180-200 g were used in this study.One hundred and twenty rats in which intrathecal catheters was successfully implanted were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 30 each): group Ⅰ control ( group C); group Ⅱ sham operation ( group S); group Ⅲ neuropathicpain (group P) and group Ⅳ GDNF. In groupⅢ and Ⅳ I6 spinal nerve was ligated. In group Ⅳ intrathecal GDNF was administered every other day for 14 d after spinal nerve ligation. In group Ⅲ normal saline was given instead. Ten animals from each group were selected at 3, 7 and 14 d after spinal nerve ligation, the mechanical pain threshold was measured, and then the rats were decapitated. The I4-6 segment of the spinal cord of the operated side was isolated. p38MAPK protein expression in the spinul dorsal horn was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Intrathecal GDNF significantly attenuated spinal nerve ligationinduced increase in p38MAPK protein expression in spinal dorsal horn of the operated side. Conclusion IT GDNF can relieve neuropathic pain by inhibiting p38MAPK protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn.

Objective To determine the risk factors for post-operative delirium(POD)and post-operative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)in patients undergoing spine surgery.Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ of both sexes aged 50-76 yr undergoing elective spine surgery under general anesthesia were studied.POD was assessed by Delirium Rating Scale revised 98 at 2 days after operation and the patients were assigned into POD and nonPOD group.Cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)at 1 day before and 3 days after operation.The patients were diagnosed as having POCD if MMSEpre-MMSEpost ≥ 3.The palients were assigned into POCD and nonPOCD group.Executive function and depression were assessed by stroop interference test and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)at 1 day before operation.Age,sex,education,alcohol consumption per week,a history of psychiatric disease,ASA physical status,Charlson comorbidity score,type of anesthesia,anticholinergic drug administration and VAS score at 1 day after operation were recorded.If there was signifirant difference between the 2 groups,the factor was analyzed using multi-factor logistic regression to select risk factor for incidence of POD and POC).Results Eleven patients developed POD(9.2％)and 30 patients developed POCD(25.0％).Logistic regression model showed that lower Stroop-CW,higher BDI score,higher Charlson comorbidity score and a history of psychiatric disease were risk factors for POD,while lower Stroop-CW,higher BDI score,higher Charlson comorbidity score and higher alcohol consumption per week were risk factors for POCD.Conclusion Preoperative executive dysfunction,depression and greater preoperative comorbidity are risk factors for both POD and POCD.A history of psychiatric disease is a risk factor for POD and higher alcohol consumption is a risk factor for POCD in patients undergoing spine surgery.

Objective To investigate the effects of cytokines on the expression of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in rats. Methods Primary cultured VSMCs from SD rat thoracic aorta were cultured in serum-free DMEM for 24 h, and then in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for another 12 h. The cultured VSMCs were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =6 each): control group (group C); 10% cytokine group (group L); 50% cytokine group (group N); 100% cytokine group (group H) and L-arginine methy ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase) group. In group C, the cellswere cultured continuously for 12 h. In L, N and H groups, 10%, 50% and 100% cytokines (IL-1β 50 ng/ml +TNF-α 100 ng/ml + IFN-γ 500 ng/ml) were added to the culture medium respectively and the cells were then incubated for 12 h. In group L-NAME, 100% cytokines + L-NAME 5 mmol/L were added to the culture medium and the cells were then incubated for 12 h. The expression of AT1R mPNA and protin was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively.Results Cytokines down-regulated AT1R mRNA and protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01). L-NAME reversed cytokines-induced changes in AT1R mRNA and protein expression ( P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion Cytokines can down-regulate the expression of AT1R in rat VSMCs and the mechanism is related to the NO synthesis.

Objective To summarise the imaging features of rare mastitis and explore the diagnostic value of ultrasound, mammography and MRI for rare mastitis. Methods The record of 24 patients diagnosed as rare mastitis in our hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jun. 2009 was reviewed, including clinical manifestations, pathological results, imaging diagnosis and diagnostic accurate rate. Results Of the 24 patients, 14 patients were ductal ectasia with chronic mastitis, 3 granulomatous mastitis, 6 chronic abscess and 1 mammary tuberculosis. 13 patients underwent ultrasonic scan, 12 patients underwent mammography and 3 patients underwent MRI, with the diagnostic accurate rate 77%, 25% and 100% respectively. Conclusions There are no special imaging manifestations for most rare mastitis, however, some differential characteristics still exist. MRI has a higher accuracy compared to ultrasound and mammography. The combination of multiple imaging methods can improve diagnostic accuracy.