Purpose: This study analyzed the characteristics of pediatric patients’ (≤ 18 years) intentional injury-related visits to the emergency department (ED) using National Emergency Department Information System data from January 1 through December 31, 2023, providing foundational evidence for prevention strategies and policy development. Methods: The injuries were categorized into unintentional and intentional, and relevant characteristics were compared between the 2 categories. The intentional injuries were further divided into self-harm and violence. Percentages were calculated for each variable and compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact tests. Results: Among 301,852 pediatric patients, those with intentional injuries showed higher proportions of girls, adolescents, visits in the wee hours, visits via firehouse ambulances, injuries by collision, by penetration, or by poisoning, hospitalization, Korean Triage and Acuity Scale levels 1-3, an ED length of stay of 2 hours or longer, and primary care by psychiatrists, than those with unintentional injuries. The pediatric patients with self-harm injuries showed higher proportions of girls, adolescents, visits in the wee or morning hours, visits via firehouse ambulances, injuries by collision, by penetration, or by poisoning, hospitalization or inter-facility transfer, Korean Triage and Acuity Scale levels 1-3, an ED length of stay of 2 hours or longer, and primary care by psychiatrists as well as by orthopedic surgeons or pediatricians, than those with violence injuries. Conclusion This study highlights the need to develop strategies per age and sex for preventing self-harm among pediatric patients, and to ensure safe and effective psychiatric care in EDs. In addition, the prevention of child abuse requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes preventive education programs, mandatory reporting in EDs, and the adoption of screening tools such as the Finding Instrument for Non-accidental Deeds.

The growing demand for physiologically relevant human liver models has driven significant progress in generating hepatic cells and organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells. These regenerative cell sources serve as powerful platforms for elucidating the mechanisms underlying liver diseases and for evaluating drug responses under human-relevant conditions. Moreover, they hold tremendous promise as cell-based therapeutics for various hepatic disorders. The utility of these regenerative cell technologies is further expanded when combined with gene-editing techniques, which enable precise modeling of pathogenic variants and targeted correction of disease-associated mutations. Gene editing can also be leveraged to enhance the functionality and therapeutic potential of regenerative hepatocyte products. In this review, we summarize recent advances at the interface of gene editing and hepatic cell regeneration, emphasizing their applications in genetic disease modeling, therapeutic gene correction, drug testing, and cell-based therapies for liver disorders. We also provide an overview of major gene-editing tools and practical guidance for implementing them in pluripotent stem cells-based regenerative workflows, concluding with future perspectives on the integration of gene editing and regenerative hepatocyte technologies.

Background: and Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, long-term population-based evidence across a broad range of cardiovascular outcomes, particularly conduction system disorders, remains limited. We investigated the 15-year cardiovascular outcomes in patients with OSA using a large-scale nationwide cohort. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, including 547,749 patients diagnosed with OSA and 2,282,415 matched controls between 2002 and 2020. Following exclusion criteria and 1:1 propensity score matching, 541,812 individuals were included in each group. The primary outcomes were incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), premature beats, ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular (AV) block, sinus node dysfunction, heart failure, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke. Cumulative incidence was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for relevant covariates. Results: Over a 15-year follow-up period, the OSA group exhibited significantly higher incidence rates for all cardiovascular outcomes than controls. In the matched cohort, adjusted HR were elevated for AF (1.82 [1.77–1.87]), premature beats (2.25 [2.17–2.34]), ventricular arrhythmias (1.81 [1.64–1.99]), AV block (1.81 [1.64–1.99]), sinus node dysfunction (2.22 [1.96–2.50]), heart failure (1.43 [1.39–1.48]), IHD (1.54 [1.52–1.56]), and stroke (1.20 [1.18–1.22]) (all P < 0.0001). Conclusions OSA was independently associated with an increased long-term risk of various cardiovascular outcomes, including arrhythmias, ischemic events, and conduction system disorders. This supports the importance of early identification and longitudinal management of cardiovascular risk in this population.

In fixed prosthodontic treatment of the maxillary anterior region, where high esthetics are required, it is crucial not only to achieve a successful prosthesis but also to form symmetrical and natural gingiva. To achieve esthetic gingiva, it is necessary to adjust the subgingival contour of the temporary prosthesis or to modify the base of pontic. However, during the transition from temporary to definitive prosthesis, the conventional method of removing the temporary prosthesis and taking an impression after gingival retraction often fails to accurately reproduce the gingival profile. In such cases, the gingiva is arbitrarily trimmed on the model to fabricate the definitive prosthesis, which reduces the predictability of esthetic treatment outcomes. This case report introduces methods to transfer the subgingival contour and the pontic base formed with the temporary prosthesis to the final model and definitive prosthesis through two cases.

In fixed prosthodontic treatment of the maxillary anterior region, where high esthetics are required, it is crucial not only to achieve a successful prosthesis but also to form symmetrical and natural gingiva. To achieve esthetic gingiva, it is necessary to adjust the subgingival contour of the temporary prosthesis or to modify the base of pontic. However, during the transition from temporary to definitive prosthesis, the conventional method of removing the temporary prosthesis and taking an impression after gingival retraction often fails to accurately reproduce the gingival profile. In such cases, the gingiva is arbitrarily trimmed on the model to fabricate the definitive prosthesis, which reduces the predictability of esthetic treatment outcomes. This case report introduces methods to transfer the subgingival contour and the pontic base formed with the temporary prosthesis to the final model and definitive prosthesis through two cases.

Myxoma is a locally invasive neoplasm usually involving the jaw bones, typically occurs between the second and fourth decades. This tumor may comprise 3%-6% of odontogenic tumors. Myxomas of the soft tissue of the face are very rare. We present an unusual case of myxofibroma occurring in a 13-year-old man involving the soft tissue of the face. It congenitally occurred and was a 1 cm sized, ovoid in shape, swelling located on the glabella without any symptoms. An excisional biopsy was performed. A well encapsulated ovoid mass was attached to the corrugator supercilli muscle below the frontalis muscle. It was measured 1.1 x 1 x 0.8 cm and completely excised. Histological examination revealed myxofibroma showing stellate and spinde-shaped cells throughout myxoid ground substance. The unusual features of this case are the site of the tumor, which was localized to the non-tooth bearing area of the mandible and its congenital occurrence history.

Purpose: To assess risk factors of disease progression after salvage radiation therapy (SRT) with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in case of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) persistence after radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and Methods: We analyzed 57 patients who received SRT with ADT between 2013 and 2019 due to PSA persistence after RP. The endpoint was disease progression defined by biochemical recurrence or clinical recurrence. Age, Pre-RP PSA level, Gleason score, pathologic stage, presence of pelvic lymph node dissection, surgical margins, and PSA at 6-8 weeks after RP were analyzed as predictive factors for disease progression. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models were used for data analysis. Results: At a median follow-up of 38 months (interquartile range, 26–61), 17 patients had disease progression. Pathologic T stage (pT3b vs. pT3a or lower; hazard ratio [HR] = 9.20; p = 0.035) and PSA level at 6-8 weeks after RP (≥2.04 vs. <2.04 ng/mL; HR = 5.85; p = 0.002) were predictors of disease progression. The 5-year disease progression-free survival rate was 46.7% in pT3b group as compared to 92.9 % in pT3a or lower group, and 18.4% for PSA ≥2.04 ng/mL after RP as compared to 79.2% for PSA <2.04 ng/mL. Conclusion Pathological T stage (pT3b) and post RP PSA ≥2.04 ng/mL are independent risk factors of disease progression after SRT with ADT in patients with PSA persistence after RP.

In fixed prosthodontic treatment of the maxillary anterior region, where high esthetics are required, it is crucial not only to achieve a successful prosthesis but also to form symmetrical and natural gingiva. To achieve esthetic gingiva, it is necessary to adjust the subgingival contour of the temporary prosthesis or to modify the base of pontic. However, during the transition from temporary to definitive prosthesis, the conventional method of removing the temporary prosthesis and taking an impression after gingival retraction often fails to accurately reproduce the gingival profile. In such cases, the gingiva is arbitrarily trimmed on the model to fabricate the definitive prosthesis, which reduces the predictability of esthetic treatment outcomes. This case report introduces methods to transfer the subgingival contour and the pontic base formed with the temporary prosthesis to the final model and definitive prosthesis through two cases.

Purpose: The clinical characteristics of headaches vary by age among pediatric patients. Red flag signs are key factors in differentiating secondary headaches and should be considered in the context of the patient’s age. Methods: This study involved a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients presenting with headaches. Patients were categorized by age into three groups: pre-school age (under 6 years), school-age (6 to 12 years), and adolescence (over 12 years). Demographic data, headache characteristics, laboratory findings, and neuroimaging results were evaluated. Overall, 17 potential red flags were assessed. Results: A total of 687 patients were included, of whom 102 were of pre-school age, 314 were school-aged, and 271 were adolescents. The frequency of overweight/obesity was found to increase with age. The pre-school age group experienced a shorter period from symptom onset to presentation and a briefer duration of pain. In contrast, adolescents displayed a longer period from symptom onset, a greater frequency of headaches occurring at least three times per week, and a higher rate of headache episodes lasting over 3 days. Children under 6 years old were more commonly diagnosed with secondary headaches than older children. Across age groups, secondary headaches were suspected when systemic symptoms such as fever were present, when the headache had a sudden onset, when the patient responded poorly to medication, or when abnormal neurological signs and symptoms were observed. Conclusion The clinical features of pediatric patients vary by age group. Clinicians should consider red flag signs in the context of patient age and individual characteristics.

A 76-year-old woman, initially thought to have a simple abscess on her right upper eyelid, presented to our department of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Enhanced three-dimensional facial computed tomography (CT) revealed an abscess on the right upper lid, with a pyomucocele present in the right frontal sinus, accompanied by bone erosion in the superior wall of the right orbit. Based on the results of the CT scan, we diagnosed an atypical Pott’s puffy tumor (PPT) with an abscess on the upper lid originating from the frontal sinusitis. First, surgical incision and drainage were performed in our department, and a percutaneous vacuum drain was placed. To provide a more definitive treatment, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was subsequently performed by otorhinolaryngologists. The patient was discharged without any complications 5 days after ESS. At a 1-year follow-up, no recurrence or notable neurological symptoms were observed. In the case we observed, the patient presented with an upper eyelid abscess and cellulitis, indicating possible orbital involvement. For such patients, a CT scan is necessary. Given the possibility of PPT, it is critical to perform a comprehensive differential diagnosis rather than defaulting to a straightforward approach involving abscess treatment.