PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine trends in number of nursing staff and skill mix. METHODS: Nursing staff and skill mix were measured using the number of nursing staff including nurse aids and registered nurses per bed. Descriptive and panel data regression analyses were conducted using data on long-term care hospitals which included yearly series data from 2006 to 2010 for 119 hospitals. RESULTS: The number of nursing staff per bed increased significantly but percentage of registered nurses decreased significantly from 2007 to 2010. The regression model explained this variation as much as 35% and 44%. CONCLUSION: The results showed that in long-term care hospitals there were more nurse aids employed instead of registered nurses after the implemention of differentiated inpatient nursing fees. Thus clarifying the job descriptions for nurses and nurse aids is needed and appropriate hospital incentive policies should be implemented.
Fees and Charges* ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Job Description ; Long-Term Care* ; Motivation ; Nursing Staff ; Nursing*

The purpose of this simulation study is to explore the limitation of the population PK/PD analysis using data from a clinical study and to help to construct an appropriate PK/PD design that enable precise and unbiased estimation of both fixed and random PD parameters in PK/PD analysis under different doses and Hill coefficients. Seven escalating doses of virtual drugs with equal potency and efficacy but with five different Hill coefficients were used in simulations of single and multiple dose scenarios with dense sampling design. A total of 70 scenarios with 100 subjects were simulated and estimated 100 times applying 1-compartment PK model and sigmoid E(max) model. The bias and precision of the parameter estimates in each scenario were assessed using relative bias and relative root mean square error. For the single dose scenarios, most PD parameters of sigmoid E(max) model were accurately and precisely estimated when the C(max) was more than 85% of EC₅₀, except for typical value and inter-individual variability of EC₅₀ which were poorly estimated at low Hill coefficients. For the multiple dose studies, the parameter estimation performance was not good. This simulation study demonstrated the effect of the relative range of sampled concentrations to EC₅₀ and sigmoidicity on the parameter estimation performance using dense sampling design.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Clinical Study ; Colon, Sigmoid*

Vertebral artery (VA) injuries usually accompany cervical trauma. Although these injuries are commonly asymptomatic, some result in vertebrobasilar infarction. The symptoms of VA occlusion have been reported to usually manifest within 24 hours after trauma. The symptoms of bilateral VA occlusions seem to be more severe and seem to occur with shorter latencies than those of unilateral occlusions. A 48-year-old man had a C3-4 fracture-dislocation with spinal cord compression that resulted from a traffic accident. After surgery, his initial quadriparesis gradually improved. However, he complained of sudden headache and dizziness on the 5th postoperative day. His motor weakness was abruptly aggravated. Radiologic evaluation revealed an infarction in the occipital lobe and cerebellum. Cerebral angiography revealed complete bilateral VA occlusion. We administered anticoagulation therapy. After 6 months, his weakness had only partially improved. This case demonstrates that delayed infarction due to bilateral VA occlusion can occur at latencies as long as 5 days. Thus, we recommend that patients with cervical traumas that may be accompanied by bilateral VA occlusion should be closely observed for longer than 5 days.
Accidents, Traffic ; Brain Infarction* ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Angiography ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Infarction ; Middle Aged ; Occipital Lobe ; Quadriplegia ; Spinal Cord Compression ; Vertebral Artery*

For the treatment of hypertension, fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of antihypertensive drugs can provide complementary benefits from improved compliance and cost-effectiveness compared with loose combinations of corresponding drugs. A new FDC of fimasartan/ amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg is undergoing clinical development. A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 3-period, 3-sequence, partially replicated crossover phase 1 study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics (PKs) between the FDC of fimasartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg and a loose combination of a dual-combination FDC (fimasartan/amlodipine 60/10 mg) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg. Sixty healthy subjects were randomized, and 55 subjects completed the study. Serial blood samples were collected, and plasma concentrations of fimasartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide were measured to analyze PK parameters. The PK profiles of the FDC were similar to those of the loose combinations. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the FDC to loose combinations for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and area under the curve until the last measurable time point (AUClast ) were within the conventional bioequivalent range of 0.80 to 1.25. The GMRs and 90% CIs of fimasartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide were 1.0163 (0.8681–1.1898), 0.9595 (0.9256–0.9946), and 1.1294 (1.0791–1.1821) for Cmax and 1.0167 (0.9347–1.1059), 0.9575 (0.9317–0.9841), and 1.0561 (1.0170–1.0967) for AUClast , respectively. Both the FDC and loose combinations were well tolerated. In conclusion, the FDC of fimasartan/amlodipine/ hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg showed similar PK profiles to those of the corresponding loose combination, and both treatments were well tolerated.

STUDY DESIGN: In vitro cell culture model. PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on senescence of adult nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: DM is a major public health issue worldwide, especially adult-onset (type 2) DM. DM is also thought to be an important etiological factor in disc degeneration. Hyperglycemia is considered to be a major causative factor in the development of DM-associated diseases through senescence. However, little is known about the effects of DM on senescence in adult NP cells. METHODS: Adult NP cells were isolated from 24-week-old rats, cultured, and placed in either 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, normal control) and 10% FBS plus two different high glucose concentrations (0.1 M or 0.2 M; experimental conditions) for 1 or 3 days. We identified and quantified the occurrence of senescence in adult rat NP cells using senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) staining. We also investigated the expression of proteins related to the replicative senescence (p53-p21-pRB) and stress-induced premature senescence (p16-pRB) pathways. RESULTS: The mean SA-beta-Gal-positive percentage was increased in adult rat NP cells treated with high glucose in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both high glucose levels increased the expression of p16 and pRB proteins in adult rat NP cells. However, the levels of p53 and p21 proteins were decreased in adult rat NP cells treated with both high glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that high glucose accelerated stress-induced senescence in adult rat NP cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Accelerated stress-induced senescence in adult NP cells could be an emerging risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration in older patients with DM. These results suggest that strict blood glucose control is important in prevent or delaying intervertebral disc degeneration in older patients with DM.
Adult* ; Aging* ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Cell Aging ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Public Health ; Rats* ; Risk Factors

Although cavernous hemangiomas occur frequently in the intracranial structures, they are rare in the spine. Most of spinal hemangiomas are vertebral origin and "pure" epidural hemangiomas not originating from the vertebral bone are very rare. Our spinal hemangioma case is extremely rare because of its "pure" epidural involvement and intralesional hemorrhage. A 64-year-old man presented with progressive paraparesis from two months ago. His motor weakness was rated as grade 4/5 in bilateral lower extremities. He also complained of decreased sensation below the T4 sensory dermatome, which continuously progressed to the higher dermatome level. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated thoracic spinal tumor at T3-T4 level. The tumor was located epidural space compressing thoracic spinal cord ventrally. The tumor was not involved with the thoracic vertebral bone. We performed T3-5 laminectomy and removed the tumor completely. The tumor was not infiltrating into intradural space or vertebral bone. The histopathologic study confirmed the epidural tumor as cavernous hemangioma. Postoperatively, his weakness improved gradually. Four months later, his paraparesis recovered completely. Here, we present a case of pure spinal epidural cavernous hemangioma, which has intralesional hemorrhage. We believe cavernous hemangioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of the spinal epidural tumors.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Epidural Neoplasms ; Epidural Space ; Hemangioma ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Lower Extremity ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Paraparesis ; Sensation ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Diseases* ; Spine

One of the important purposes in population pharmacokinetic studies is to investigate the relationships between parameters and covariates to describe parameter variability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the model's ability to correctly detect the parameter-covariate relationship that can be observed in phase I clinical trials. Data were simulated from a two-compartment model with zero-order absorption and first-order elimination, which was built from valsartan's concentration data collected from a previously conducted study. With creatinine clearance (CLCR) being used as a covariate to be tested, 3 different significance levels of 0.001 Absorption ; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic* ; Creatinine ; Dataset ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hope

This report describes the first clinical case of a transfusion-associated Mycoplasma haemocanis infection in a dog in Korea. A 6-year-old male Maltese underwent a red blood cell transfusion for idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Eighteen days after the blood transfusion, the recipient’s packed cell volume decreased and basophilic organisms were found on erythrocytes. A polymerase chain reaction and sequential analysis showed that both the donor dog and recipient dog had M. haemocanis. Six weeks after doxycycline administration, no organisms were detected and the recipient’s anemia had improved.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to provide the basic data for the development of the management program for overactive bladder by ascertaining its prevalence among Korean women aged over 30 years, and the factors related to its occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed by using self-questionnaires through the community-based cross sectional study from May to July, 2000. The subjects consisted of 2869 women, aged over 30 up to 89 years, among those who understood and responded to the questionnaires, and was residing in Seoul, Kyongki Kangwon, Chungchong, YongNam, HoNam, Cheju proinces. They also did not have known neurological problem and diabetes mellitus. The data were analyzed by Student t-test, chi2-test, and multiple logistic regression with using SAS program. RESULTS: The results were as follows ; 1. They all experienced at least one of frequency, urgency, nocturia, urge incontinence for the past one year and 52.3% of the subjects had experienced symptom at least once in 5 voidings. The highest prevalence of overactive bladder was 86.2% in the category for 70 to 89 years, 74.3% for the sixties, 45.3% for the forties, 42.5% for the thirties. In the symptoms of 1499 women among subject, 19.4% of them had nocturia, 18.2% frequency, 10.5% urgency, 9.6% urge incontinence, 9.5% frequency and urgency, 5.9% frequency and nocturia. 2. The age(OR = 1.041, 95% Cl = 1.027, 1.055) and the menopause(OR = 0.696, 95% Cl = 0.527, 0.919) were related to overactive bladder occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The above findings indicated that about the half of the women aged over 30 years had symptoms for overactive bladder, and the prevalence was higher in old women and the women with menopause. So, the prevention and management programs for overactive bladder are required to be developed, and the primary screening programs based on community shall be developed.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Jeju-do ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Menopause ; Nocturia ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge

165Dy Hydroxide Macroaggregates(165Dy HMA) has a short half life(2.3 hours) and a size range of 3-5µm that give the advantage of reduced leakage and a shorter hospital stay. This report will show the results of a prospective open study on the efficacy and safety of 165Dy HMA in 178 knees of 141 patients with chronic synovitis refractory to conventional antirheumatic therapy. The final global assessment was classified as good, fair or poor. Extra-articular leakage of 165Dy HMA was determined by the scintigraphic evaluation of liver, groin and knee joints. The optimum radiation dose was 250 mCi. The mean follow up periods were 32.4(14-112) weeks. Thirty seven percent of the knees showed good results, 48% fair results and 15% poor results. In the knees with stage I radiographic changes, 82% showed improvement including 32% of the patients with good results. In the knees with stage II radiographic changes, 90% showed improvement including 42% of the patients with good results. The mean period of improvement for the 158 knees that responded to treatment was 41.4(24-106) weeks. Leakage of radioactivity from the injected joint was minimal. Adverse reactions were rare(radiation burn : 4 cases, transient postinjection swelling : 14 cases). In conclusion, 165Dy HMA radiation synovectomy is a safe and useful therapy for chromic synovitis of the rheumatoid knees.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Burns ; Follow-Up Studies ; Groin ; Humans ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Joints ; Knee Joint ; Knee ; Length of Stay ; Liver ; Prospective Studies ; Radioactivity ; Synovitis