Currently, various types of transarterial treatments are performed for hepatocellular carcinoma from the early to advanced stages. Its indications and efficacy have been widely investigated. However, procedure-related complications have not been updated in the literature, although new types of transarterial treatments, such as drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization, are common in daily practice. Herein, a comprehensive literature review was carried out, and complications were organized according to the organs affected and treatment modalities.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a congenital vascular disease in which interventional radiologists can play both diagnostic and therapeutic roles in patient management. The diagnosis of pulmonary AVM is simple and can usually be made based on CT images. Endovascular treatment, that is, selective embolization of the pulmonary artery feeding the nidus of the pulmonary AVM, and/or selectively either the nidus or draining vein, has become a first-line treatment with advances in interventional devices. However, some vascular diseases can simulate pulmonary AVMs on CT and pulmonary angiography.This subset can confuse interventional radiologists and referring physicians. Vascular mimickers of pulmonary AVM have not been widely known and described in detail in the literature, although some of these require surgical correction, while others require regular follow-up. This article reviews the clinical and radiologic features of pulmonary AVMs and their mimickers.

PURPOSE: Primary mammalian hepatocytes largely retain their liver-specific functions when they are freshly derived from donors. However, long-term cultures of functional hepatocytes are difficult to establish. To increase the longevity and maintain the differentiated functions of hepatocytes in primary culture, cells can be cultured in a sandwich configuration of collagen. In such a configuration, hepatocytes can be cultured for longer periods compared with cultures on single layers of collagen. However, research regarding mouse hepatocytes in sandwich culture is lacking. METHODS: Primary mouse hepatocytes were sandwiched between two layers of collagen to maintain the stability of their liver-specific functions. After gelation, 2 mL of hepatocyte culture medium was applied. RESULTS: After 24 hours, 5, 10 days of culture, the collagen gel sandwich maintained the cellular border and numbers of bile canaliculi more efficiently than a single collagen coating in both high and low density culture dishes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), alphafetoprotein, albumin, tryptophan oxygenase (TO), the tyrosine aminotransferase gene, glucose-6-phosphatase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase for mouse primary hepatocytes cultured on collagen coated dishes and collagen gels showed superior hepatocyte-related gene expression in cells grown using the collagen gel sandwich culture system. AAT, HNF4A, albumin, TO were found to be expressed in mouse hepatocytes cultured on collagen gels for 5 and 10 days. In contrast, mouse hepatocytes grown on collagen-coated dishes did not express these genes after 5 and 10 days of culture. CONCLUSION: The collagen gel sandwich method is suitable for primary culture system of adult mouse hepatocytes.
Adult ; Animals ; Bile Canaliculi ; Collagen ; Gels ; Gene Expression ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; Longevity ; Mice ; Oxidoreductases ; Tissue Donors ; Tryptophan Oxygenase ; Tyrosine Transaminase

BACKGROUND: Inhalational anesthetics potentiate nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Cisatracurium is a recently introduced neuromuscular blocker in Korea. We studied the effect of inhalational anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) on neuromuscular blockades and hemodynamic responses by cisatracurium bolus injection. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing elective surgery were randomly divided into isoflurane and propofol-remifentanil groups. A bolus dose of cisatracurium of 0.15 mg/kg (3 x ED95) was administered after induction and the onset time and clinical duration of action were recorded. The nueromuscular blockade was monitored using train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. Hemodynamic parameters were also recorded. RESULTS: Onset time was 194.0 +/- 39.1 sec in the isoflurane group and 226.5 +/- 62.2 sec in the propofol-remifentanil group. Clinical duration of action was 49.2 +/- 9.0 min in the isoflurane group and 43.0 +/- 9.2 min in the propofol-remifentanil group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) immediately before intubation decreased in the propofol-remifentanil group. Heart rate (HR), SBP and DBP 1 and 3 min after tracheal intubation increased in the isoflurane group. CONCLUSIONS: Onset time was similar between isoflurane and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. Clinical duration of action was significantly longer in isoflurane anesthesia. SBP and DBP immediately before intubation and HR, SBP and DBP 1 and 3 min after tracheal intubation were significantly different between the two groups.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Anesthetics ; Atracurium ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intubation ; Isoflurane ; Korea ; Muscles ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Piperidines ; Propofol

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested an association between CACNA1C and susceptibility of bipolar disorder. In this study, we examined the association of CACNA1C variants with bipolar disorder in the Korean population. METHODS: We selected 2 CACNA1C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely, rs723672 and rs1051375, based on their functions and minor allele frequencies described in previous studies. Genotypes of these 2 SNPs were analyzed by extracting DNA from blood samples collected from 287 patients with bipolar disorder and 340 healthy controls. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of both rs723672 and rs1051375 SNPs were significantly different in patients and controls (p=0.0462 and 1.732E-14, respectively). Dominant, recessive, and allele models showed significant differences between patients and controls with respect to the rs1051375 SNP (p=1.72E-11, 4.17E-10, 4.95E-16, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that CACNA1C SNPs rs723672 and rs1051375 were associated with bipolar disorder in the Korean population. In addition, our results highlighted the importance of CACNA1C in determining susceptibility to bipolar disorder.
Alleles ; Bipolar Disorder* ; DNA ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

PURPOSE: Femorofemoral crossover bypass (FCB) is a good procedure for patients with unilateral iliac artery disease. There are many articles about the results of FCB, but most of them were limited to 5 years follow-up. The purpose of our study was to analysis the results of FCB with a 10-year follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2010, 133 patients were operated in Samsung Medical Center (median follow-up: 58.8 months). We retrospectively analysed patient characteristics, the preoperative treatment, the operative procedure, and material used. RESULTS: The indications for FCB were claudication in 110 and critical limb ischemia in 23 patients. Three patients were died due to myocardiac infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, and acute respiratory failure within 30 days after surgery. The one-year primary and secondary patency rates were 89% and 97%, the 5-year primary and secondary patency rates were 70% and 85%, and the 10-year primary and secondary patency rates were 31% and 67%. The 5-year and 10-year limb salvage rates were 97% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our long term analysis suggests that FCB might be a valuable alternative treatment modality in patients with unilateral iliac artery disease.
Extremities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Infarction ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Ischemia ; Limb Salvage ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Transplants* ; Vascular Patency

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) can cause leakage of lymphatic fluids into the gastrointestinal tract, eventually leading to protein-losing enteropathy. A 15-year-old male patient, whose disease began at the age of 8 years, recently felt worsening general weakness. After diagnosing abnormal lymphatic lesions in the duodenum through endoscopy with biopsy and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography, glue embolization of the leaking duodenal lymphatic channel was successfully performed. This procedure is typically reserved for adult patients, although as shown in this case, it can be properly performed in children. His serum albumin level was initially 1.5 g/dL, but elevated to 5.0 g/dL after two sessions of lymphatic embolization. Accordingly, we suggest that embolization could potentially be considered a first-line treatment for focal lesions of primary intestinal IL.

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) can cause leakage of lymphatic fluids into the gastrointestinal tract, eventually leading to protein-losing enteropathy. A 15-year-old male patient, whose disease began at the age of 8 years, recently felt worsening general weakness. After diagnosing abnormal lymphatic lesions in the duodenum through endoscopy with biopsy and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography, glue embolization of the leaking duodenal lymphatic channel was successfully performed. This procedure is typically reserved for adult patients, although as shown in this case, it can be properly performed in children. His serum albumin level was initially 1.5 g/dL, but elevated to 5.0 g/dL after two sessions of lymphatic embolization. Accordingly, we suggest that embolization could potentially be considered a first-line treatment for focal lesions of primary intestinal IL.

Purpose: Over the past decade, interest in exosomes as therapeutics has surged. In particular, stem-cell–derived exosomes may be more effective as a treatment for liver disease than the stem cells themselves. We have previously developed human chemically derived hepatic progenitors (hCdHs) from human hepatocytes. hCdHs can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, regenerating the liver in mouse models. In this study, we evaluated the mitigating effects of hCdHs-derived exosomes (hCdHs-exo) on liver damage and compared them with those of exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs-exo). Methods: Exosomes were isolated from hCdHs and BMMSCs by culturing cells in large quantities and separating the exosomes from the culture medium using ultracentrifugation. Isolated exosomes were characterized by various methods before experimental use. In vitro, the ability of exosomes to inhibit activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by transforming growth factor beta 1 was evaluated. In vivo, exosomes were injected into mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced liver damage, and their effectiveness in mitigating liver damage was assessed by histological staining and biochemical analysis. Results: The analyses confirmed the successful isolation of exosomes from both cell types. In vitro, hCdHs-exo significantly reduced the levels of transcription factors and activation markers in induced HSCs. In vivo, hCdHs-exo effectively alleviated liver damage caused by CCl4 . Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that hCdHs-exo had a greater effect in alleviating liver damage than did BMMSCs-exo. Conclusion These results demonstrate that hCdHs-exo, similarly to hCdHs, have superior efficacy in alleviating liver damage compared with BMMSCs-exo.

A 45-year-old male patient with spontaneous chylothorax and osteolysis in the right 1st and 2nd ribs was diagnosed with Gorham–Stout disease based on clinical manifestations and bone biopsy. The chylothorax temporarily decreased after a successful selective lymphatic embolization. The patient presented with recurrent chylothorax, mild chest discomfort, and progressive osteolysis (despite administering sirolimus) during the follow-up period of 15 months.