Objective To investigate the pathological features of chronic inflammation in prostatic specimens,and study the correlation of chronic prostatic inflammation with prostate cancer and hyperplasia of prostate in the elderly.Methods The histopathologic features of prostatic specimens which were taken during prostatectomy were retrospectively observed.The inflammatory cells in partial cases were labeled by immunohistochemical markers such as CD3,CD20,CD4,CD8,CD117 and CD138,and by inflammation related factors such as nuclear factor(NF)-κB,(COX-2),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).Results The chronic prostatic inflammation of different extent were found in 100 patients with prostate cancer and 76 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia,among them 71 cases (40.3 ％) had mild chronic prostatic inflammation,80 cases (45.5 ％) had moderate chronic prostatic inflammation,25 cases (14.2 ％) had severe chronic prostatic inflammation.Inflammatory cells mainly were CD3-labeled lymphocytes,accompanied by a small amount of mononuclear cells and mast cells.Chronic prostatic inflammation was not correlated with prostatic carcinoma and its differentiation degree,benign prostatic hyperplasia,focal atrophy and its subtypes,and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (all P＞ 0.05).There was correlation between chronic prostatic inflammation and expression of COX-2 (P＜ 0.05).Conclusions The histological chronic inflammation is common in the prostate specimens in elderly men.There are no direct correlations of prostatic inflammation with prostatic carcinomas and benign prostatic hyperplasia.Prostatic inflammation is positively correlated with the expression of COX 2,which may be associated with the activation of COX-2 pathway induced by oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneously determination of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in Yaotongning capsule. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Agilent TC-C18 with mobile phase of methanol-0.2 mol/L ammonium acetate(gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min;detection wavelength was 250 nm and column temperature was 25 ℃ and injection volume was 10 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.007 1-0.178 0 mg/ml(r=0.999 8)for glycyrrhizin acid and 0.354 8-8.720 0 μg/ml of glycyrrhetinic acid(r=0.999 8);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were no more than 1.74%,average recoveries were 95.49%-100.62%(RSD=1.98%,n=9)and 96.80%-102.26%(RSD=1.83%,n=9),respec-tively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,reproducible,accurate and reliable,and can be used for the simultaneous determi-nation of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in Yaotongning capsule.

Objective To further understand the diagnosis,clinical features and prognosis of myeloid neoplasms with erythroblast more than 50％ of bone marrow(BM) nucleated cells in the WHO Classification(2016) by analyzing the clinical data,diagnosis and prognosis of 3 patients with myeloid leukemia.Methods The ages,medical histories,symptoms and signs,and laboratory examinations from 3 patients with myeloid neoplasms whose erythroblast cells were more than 50％ of BM nucleated cells when newly diagnosed were collected.Then,they were diagnosed with the WHO Classification criteria(2008) and the WHO Classification criteria(2016),respectively,and their prognosis was evaluated with the revised International Prognostic Scoring System(IPSS-R).Results According to the WHO Classification criteria(2008),all of 3 patients were diagnosed as acute erythroid leukemia(AEL).However,according to the WHO Classification criteria(2016),2 patients were diagnosed as myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-2(MDS-EB-2),and 1 was diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia(AML) with maturation.Moreover,their prognostic scores were also different.The former two patients were older men with significant dysplasia and complex genetic abnormalities,and had poor prognosis,while the latter was a middle-aged woman with no obvious dysplasia and genetic abnormalities,and had medium prognosis.Conclusion The WHO Classification(2016) is more reasonable than the WHO Classification(2008),which tends to focus more on the different biological characteristics of diseases,and may better distinguish two types of diseases with different clinical features and prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the features of volume, distribution, grading and staging of prostate cancer(PCa)examined via whole-mount histopathology in transitional PCa.Methods:A total of 129 PCa patients undergone radical prostatectomy(RP)between July 2017 and March 2020 whose whole-mount prostate specimens were prepared after surgery were retrospectively studied.Pathological data on tumor locations, diameters and classification of the International Society of Urologic Pathology(ISUP), radiological data on regions of interest(ROI)and scores of the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System(PI-RADS v2)were recorded.The results of pathological whole-mount sections and prostate imaging were compared, and the characteristics and detection rates of lesions in different prostate regions were analyzed.Results:Of all 129 prostate specimens from RP, a total of 213 PCa lesions were detected through whole-mount histopathology.There were 21(9.9%)lesions involving both the peripheral zone(PZ)and the transition zone(TZ), with an average diameter of(2.82±0.71)cm.Of all lesions, 85(39.9%)involved PZ and 107(50.2%)involved TZ, with an average diameter of(1.36±0.81)cm and of(1.60±0.94)cm, respectively.The percentage of lesions involving TZ was higher than that lesions involving PZ, with larger diameters( P<0.05). Of 64 patients with complete MRI data, 105 PCa lesions were detected histopathologically by using whole mount sections, while 75 PCa lesions were detected by MRI, with a statistical difference( P<0.05). For lesions≥1.0 cm or lesions with an ISUP grade group≥2, the detection rate of MRI was lower in TZ lesions( P<0.05). Conclusions:PCa lesions within TZ account for a large proportion and have a relatively large tumor dimeter.PCa lesions within TZ are more likely to be missed in clinical examinations and on MRI, and clinicians should pay close attention during diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To study the tonifying Qi and producing blood mechanism of Jianpi Shengxue tablets. Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,FeSO4group, and low, medium and high dosage groups(0.65,1.3,2.6 g·kg-1). All the groups except the normal group received low iron diet,to induce anemia. After the two-week intragastric administration, real-time PCR was carried out to identify the changes of Hepcidin mRNA expression, while western blot was applied to test the changes of DMT-1 protein expression. Results:The medium and high dosage groups could significantly increase the DMT-1 expression compared with the normal group,while FeSO4 could reduced the DMT-1 expression. The Hepcidin expression in liver was increased along with the in-crease of the dosage. Conclusion:The Chinese medicine ingredients in Jianpi Shengxue tablets is beneficial to the expression of DMT-1 protein and the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in liver, which can finally improve the iron supply in the body.

Objective To review the current research and application of root cause analysis (RCA) method in China's hospital management.Methods A retrospective analysis in six aspects was made by means of formulating a retrieval strategy and inclusion criteria, retrieval of databases, and literature review.Results The number of Chinese RCA researches was increasing year by year, mostly from researcher of the eastern coastal areas.These studies focused on the effects of RCA application outcomes and nursing safety.Tools in use were mainly fishbone diagram, brainstorming and 3-why method.72.24% of the root causes as found in literature were system factors, and 27.76% were human factors.Most of the researches made positive comments on RCA.Conclusions RCA is being warmly embraced by China's hospital management as it can positively change the accountability culture towards adverse events.Yet RCA has not been satisfactorily applied, and its future research and application in China's hospital management need more in-depth study and critical analysis.

Objective To investigate the histopathological characteristics of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Methods Clinical findings,morphologic features,immunophenotypes of androgen receptor (AR),prostatic specific antigen (PSA),chromogranin A (CgA),and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten(PTEN)(by EnVision method) of 178 core biopsies from patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer encountered from January 2010 to January 2015 from West Coast Dream Team were analyzed.Results In the 178 cases,51(28.7％)were diagnosed with typical adenocarcinoma,41 cases(23.0％)with intermediate atypical carcinoma and 24 cases(13.5 ％)with small cell carcinoma.The expression of PSA was significantly lower in patients with intermediate atypical carcinoma or with small cell carcinoma(31/39,79.5 ％) than in those with adenocarcinoma(20/20,100 ％).The expression of PTEN was significantly higher in patient with intermediate atypical carcinoma or with small cell carcinoma (31/46,67.4％) than in those with adenocarcinoma (19/41,46.3％).Conclusions Three histopathological subtypes exists in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer,including adenocarcinoma,intermediate type atypical carcinoma and small cell carcinoma.They are entities with unique pathological features.The expression of PTEN is significantly lower in the patients with intermediate atypical carcinoma or with small cell carcinoma than in those with adenocarcinoma,indicating that intermediate atypical carcinoma and small cell carcinoma are different from typical adenocarcinoma in tumor occurrence and progression.

Objective To explore the association of interleukin (IL)-1 genotypes with Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Methods Using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism, the IL-1A (-889) and IL-1B (+3953) genotypes in 84 cases of AD and 139 controls were detected and analyzed. Results The frequencies of IL-1A(- 889) C/C, C/T and T/T genotypes were 72.6% and 84.2%, 23.8% and 14.4%, 3.6% and 1.4% in AD cases and controls respectively. The genotypes frequencies of IL-1A (-889) C/C, C/T and T/T in AD cases were similar to that of controls (χ2=4.53, P＞0.05), but the frequencies of IL-1A (-889) T allele were significantly higher in AD cases than in controls (15.5% vs. 8.6%, χ2=4.93, P＜0.05). The frequencies of IL-1B (+3953) C/T genotypes and T allele were also significantly higher in AD cases than in controls (16.7% vs. 6.5%, 8.3% vs. 3.2%, χ2=5.88,5.56, both P＜0.05). Conclusions IL-1 genotypes are associated with AD. IL-1 genotypes may play an important role in the development of AD.

Cytology in China developed from nothing and underwent a long journey from gynecologic cytology to that of all organs, laying a solid foundation for new developments in the 21st century. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was primarily developed in an endocrinology department and then in the clinical laboratory department or pathology department in the 1970–80s. Wrights staining is popular in endocrine and clinical laboratory departments, while hematoxylin and eosin staining is common in pathology. Liquid based cytology is not common in thyroid FNA cytology, while BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis has been the most popular molecular test. The history and practice of thyroid FNA practice in China were reviewed based on retrospective study of the practice in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; China* ; Endocrinology ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Hematoxylin ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies* ; Thyroid Gland*

Objective To systematically review the risk prediction models for intradialytic hypotension in maintenance hemodialysis patients,with a view to provide references for clinical practice.Methods PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,CINAHL,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang and CBM were searched from inception to May 29,2023.2 reviewers independently screened the literature,extracted information and assessed methodological quality using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.Results A total of 20 studies and 25 models were included with the sample size of 68～9 292 cases and the incidence of outcome events of 2.1～51％.Baseline systolic blood pressure,age,ultrafiltration rate,diabetes and dialysis duration were the top 5 predictors of repeated reporting of the models.20 models reported the area under the curve of ranging from 0.649 to 0.969,and 5 models reported calibration metrics.There were 9 internal validations and 4 combined internal and external validation models.The overall applicability of the 20 studies was good,but all had a high risk of bias,mainly in data analysis.Conclusion Research on risk prediction models for intradialytic hypotension in maintenance hemodialysis patients is still in the developmental stage.Future studies should improve the research design and reporting process,and validation studies of existing models should be carried out to further evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility in clinical practice.