OBJECTIVE: The clinical symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) can be effectively improved by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment, based on the usage of specific therapies for different TCM syndromes. However, in the stage of diagnosis, the standard criteria for the classification of TCM syndrome were still deficient. Through serum metabolic profiling, this study aimed to explore potential biomarkers in IBS-D patients with different TCM syndromes, which can assist in diagnosis of the disease. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from healthy controls (30 cases), IBS-D patients with Liver-Stagnation and Spleen-Deficiency syndrome (LSSD, 30 cases), Yang Deficiency of Spleen and Kidney syndrome (YDSK, 11 cases) and Damp Abundance due to Spleen-Deficiency syndrome (DASD, 22 cases). Serum metabolic profiling was conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The potential biomarkers were screened by orthogonal partial least square-discriminate analysis, while metabolic pathways undergoing alterations were identified by pathway enrichment analysis in MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS: Overall, 34 potential biomarkers were identified in LSSD group, 36 in YDSK group and 31 in DASD group. And the 13 metabolites shared by three groups were determined as the potential biomarkers of IBS-D. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was disturbed significantly in IBS-D patients, which may play a role in IBS-D through inflammation. What's more, three TCM syndromes have the specific potential biomarkers in glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION The serum metabolomics revealed that different TCM syndrome types in IBS-D may have different metabolic patterns during disease progression and glycerophospholipid metabolism was one of the pathways, whose metabolism was disturbed differently among three TCM syndromes in IBS-D. Therefore, the specific potential biomarkers in glycerophospholipid metabolism of three TCM syndromes in IBS-D can serve as the objective indicators, which can facilitate the TCM-syndrome objective classification of IBS-D.

Objective: To introduce the methods for sensitivity analysis, discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. Methods: The difference between confounding function method and bounding factor method in accuracy of identifying unmeasured confounding factors in observational studies through simulation trials and actual clinical data was compared. Results: The results of simulation trials and actual clinical data showed that when there was unmeasured confounding between exposure (X) and outcome (Y), the results of confounding function and the bounding factor analysis were similar in terms of the effect of unmeasured confounding factor to lead to the complete change of the magnitude and direction of the observed effect value. However, the confounding function method needed smaller confounding effect to fully interpret the observed effect value than the bounding factor needed. In addition, the bounding factor method needed to analyze two confounding parameters, while only one parameter was needed in the confounding function method. The confounding function method was simpler and more sensitive than the bounding factor method. Conclusion For real-world observational data, the sensitivity analysis process is essential in analyzing the causal effects between exposure (X) and outcome (Y). In terms of the calculation process and result interpretation the sensitivity analysis method of confounding function is worth to recommend.

Infertility with diminished ovarian reserve(DOR) is a major problem in the field of reproductive health and it has attracted great attention worldwidely.Function deficiency of the kidney is one of the fundamental pathogenesis for DOR.Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) have a long history with rich experience for the treatment of infertility.Some TCMs are very effective in the treatment of kidney deficiency for infertility with DOR.The integrated TCMs and western medicine,and combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation may help for diagnosis and treatment of infertility with DOR.We adopt the concept of unified treatment for special disease,and the methods and principle of treatment can be used.Therefore,we adopt the TCM concept of kidney-tonifying,blood-nourishing,liver-dispersing and spleen-invigorating.The TCMs kidney-tonifying formulae are added and subtracted.TCMs can regulate the reproductive function via multiple systems for simultaneous conditioning of follicular development and ovulation.At the same time,a hypothesis of " simultaneous conditioning of follicular development and ovulation" was proposed.Two-stage therapy with integrated TCMs and western medicine has been used,mainly for increasing the number of eggs,and improving follicle quality.The goal is to achieve simultaneous conditioning of follicular development and ovulation and ultimately for effective treatment of infertility with DOR.

Objective:To study the efficacy and mechanism of Zishenwan （ZSW） against pyroptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of renal tubular epithelial cells in diabetic nephropathy （DN） mice， so as to provide evidence for the treatment of DN with ZSW. Method:The db/db mice with spontaneous diabetes were randomly divided into the model group， dapagliflozin （1.0 mg·kg^-1） group， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （6.0， 3.0， 1.5 g·kg^-1） ZSW groups. The non-diabetic db/m mice were classified into the normal group. The ones in the model and normal groups were given an equal volume of deionized water by gavage， while those in the other groups were intervened with the corresponding drugs for 12 weeks. The fasting blood glucose （FBG） level was tested at tail vein once every two weeks. The levels of urine albumin-creatinine ratio （ACR）， β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase （NAG）， and cystatin C （CysC） were detected once every four weeks. After 12 weeks of administration， the blood sampled from eyeballs was used for measuring the blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and serum creatinine （SCr）. The pathological changes in renal tissues were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of EMT markers in the renal tubular epithelium was analyzed by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The in situ terminal end-labeling （TUNEL） staining was conducted to analyze the nuclear damage of renal tubular epithelial cells. The protein and mRNA expression levels of EMT markers， nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome and pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines in renal tissues were separately assayed by Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group displayed significantly increased FBG， BUN， serum SCr， ACR， NAG， and CysC （P<0.01）， impaired renal tissues， altered EMT marker expression intensities and levels （P<0.01）， and elevated TUNEL-positive rate and protein and mRNA expression levels of pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， ZSW and dapagliflozin significantly decreased the levels of FBG， BUN， serum SCr， ACR， NAG， and CysC （P<0.01）， relieved the pathological injuries in renal tissues， changed the EMT marker expression intensities （P<0.01） and protein and mRNA expression levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and down-regulated the TUNEL-positive rate （P<0.01） of renal tubular epithelial cells as well as the protein and mRNA expression levels of pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines （P<0.01） and NLRP3 inflammasome （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Conclusion:ZSW alleviates DN possibly by inhibiting pyroptosis and EMT in renal tubular epithelial cells.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Zishenwan on glucose and lipid metabolism in spontaneous type 2 diabetes （db/db） mice and investigate the underlying mechanism for improving diabetes based on intestinal barrier function and skeletal muscle transcriptome sequencing results. MethodLiquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） was used to analyze the components of Zishenwan. Sixteen 6-week-old db/db mice were divided into a model group and a Zishenwan group， while eight wild-type mice were assigned to the normal group. The Zishenwan group received oral administration of drugs for six weeks， during which fasting blood glucose， body weight， and food intake were measured. Serum total cholesterol （TC） and triglyceride （TG） levels were determined， and fasting insulin levels were measured to calculate the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）. After the treatment， skeletal muscle and ileum tissues were collected， followed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1） in the ileum. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the skeletal muscle transcriptome， and enrichment analysis was conducted for differentially expressed genes. ResultMultiple active components were identified in Zishenwan. Compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased fasting blood glucose， body weight， TC， TG， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Zishenwan significantly reduced fasting blood glucose， body weight， TC， TG， and HOMA-IR in db/db mice （P<0.01）， while there was no statistically significant difference in food intake. Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited lipid deposition in skeletal muscle， as well as structural changes in the ileum， with significant decreases in the protein expression levels of intestinal occludin and ZO-1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Zishenwan improved the pathological changes in skeletal muscle and ileum， and increased the protein expression of occludin and ZO-1 in the ileum （P<0.01）. Transcriptome analysis suggested that Zishenwan might improve skeletal muscle metabolism and increase insulin sensitivity in mice. ConclusionZishenwan can improve glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice， and this effect may be related to its protection of intestinal barrier function and transcriptional regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism-related genes.

Objective: This project aimed to explore the effectiveness of estimating individual treatment effect on real data, among the heterogeneous population, with Causal Forests (CF) method, to find out the characteristics of heterogeneous population. Methods: We designed and conducted four computer simulation schemes to verify the effect of estimating on individual treatment, using the CF under four different environments of the treatment effects. Real data was then analyzed for the catheterization on right heart. Results: Results from the simulation process showed that the values on individual treatment effect that were estimated by causal forests were consistent with the population effect as well as in line with the expected distribution under the setting of four different effect values. Results of real data analysis showed that values of individual treatment effect among most patients appeared positive, so the use of RHC could cause an increase of the '180-day mortality rate’ in the sampled population. Patients with lower predicted probability of 2-mo survival and albumin were more likely to have a lower risk of death after using the RHC. Conclusion CF method could be effectively used to estimate the individual treatment effect and helping the individuals to make decision on the receipt of treatment.

In recent years， the incidence rate of andrological diseases has shown a significant growth trend. Considering the unavailability of a perfect theoretical system for andrology in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the complex pathogenesis despite of the limited types of andrological diseases， it is necessary to improve the clinical efficacy of andrological diseases so as to satisfy the needs of patients. Therefore， the China Association of Chinese Medicine （CACM） organized the andrologists of TCM and western medicine and the outstanding young clinicians to discuss the andrological diseases responding specifically to TCM or integrated TCM and western medicine， such as chronic prostatitis， male infertility， benign prostatic hyperplasia， erectile dysfunction， and premature ejaculation， determine their diagnostic criteria in western medicine， and standardize the specifications for TCM diagnosis and treatment based on syndrome differentiation， thus formulating recognized and integrated diagnosis and treatment protocols. Apart from proposing suggestions on the treatment of such andrological diseases with TCM and western medicine， the experts have also figured out the andrological diseases responding specifically to TCM， the optimal intervention time of TCM and western medicine， and the suitable measures including surgery. The resulting consensus helps to better guide the formulation of accurate， personalized， and optimized treatment plans in clinical practice and improve the diagnosis and treatment effects of andrological diseases by giving full play to the advantages of TCM， which will in turn contribute to further innovation and development of TCM.

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect and safety of Jinhua Qinggan Granule (JHG) in treating influenza patients of wind-heat affecting Fei syndrome (WHAFS).

METHODSTotally 136 influenza patients of WHAFS were randomized by stratification into 3 groups, the high dose JHG group (44 cases, 10 g each time), the low dose JHG group (45 cases, 5 g JHG + 5 g placebo each time), and the placebo control group (47 cases, 10 g placebo each time). All medication was administered three times daily for 5 days. The fever disappearance time, the fever disappearance rate, efficacy of TCM syndrome, the disappearance rate of main symptoms and physical signs of flu, the negative rate of virus nucleic acid in the pharyngeal secretion, and safety indicators were assessed.

RESULTSThe median fever disappearance time was 32.8 h (95% CI: 22.5-41.0 h) in the high dose JHG group, 26.0 h (95% CI: 14.5-36.5 h) in the low dose JHG group, 39.5 h (95% CI: 29.0-46.0 h) in the placebo control group. There was statistical difference in the median fever disappearance time between the low dose JHG group and the placebo control group (P = 0.011). Three days after treatment, the markedly effective rate of TCM symptoms in the low dose JHG group was 66.7%, higher than that of the placebo control group (38.3%), and its effective rate was superior to that of the high dose JHG group (P = 0.043). Five days after treatment, the recovery rate of the low dose JHG group (42.2%) was higher than that of the high dose JHG group (25.0%, P = 0.026) and that of the placebo control group (14.9%, P = 0.002). The markedly effective rate of the low dose JHG group (86.7%) was higher than that of the placebo control group (55.3%, P = 0.001). Similar effects were obtained in the low dose JHG group and the high dose JHG group, but slightly poor in partial indicators of the high dose JHG group. There was no statistical difference in adverse reaction among these three groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSJHG was effective and safe in treating influenza patients of WHAFS. Routinely low dose was the optimal dosage of JHG.

Adult ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy ; Young Adult