Glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) is an important member of incretin.Takingitoralymay stimulate the terminal ileum and colon L cel s to secrete GLP-1. After GLP-1 biding specific receptor GLP-1 receptor ( GLP-1R), it exerts the roles of promoting glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, and decreasing plasma glucagon level. The molecular mass of GLP-1 is relatively smal er and can directly cross the blood-brain barrier, and both central and peripheral nervous systems have the GLP-1R expression. GLP-1 significantly improves neurological deficits and reduces infarct volume. It may exert neuroprotective effect through the mechanisms of inhibiting the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cel apoptosis. This article review s the discovery of GLP-1, its biological characteristics and neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3)and the stability of carotid artery plaque,and explore MMP-3's prediction role on the attack and relapse of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events.Methods 100 patients with the first ever acute cerebral infarction,100 patients with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency(CCCI)and 40 persons without cerebrovascular diseases were enrolled in this study.According to the carotid ultrasound examination,100 cerebral infarction patients were divided into three subgroup: unstable plaque group(45 patients,mixed plaque,soft plaque),stable plaque group(35 patients,plaque Group)and endometrial coarse group(25patients).Matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3)levels of all the subjects were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(as basal level).All the subjects were followed up for one year to observe cerebral infarction events.Serum MMP-3 levels of each group,and the basic serum MMP-3 levels were compared among patients who were attacked or relapsed cerebral ischemic with those who had not been attack cerebral ischemic during this period of time.Results 5 patients in the cerebral infarction group had relapse (5%),2 patients in the CCCI group were attacked by cerebral ischemic(2%),and no one in the normal control group was attacked by cerebral ischemic.Serum MMP-3 levels in the acute cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than CCCI group,and both groups were significantly higher than normal control group (P ＜0.05).The basic serum MMP-3 levels in all patients who were attacked by cerebral ischemic were significantly higher than those who had not been attack by cerebral ischemic during this period of time(P ＜0.05).The serum MMP-3 levels of the unstable plaque group were significantly higher than stable plaque group.And both groups were significantly higher than endometrial coarse group(P ＜0.05).Conclusions Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3)might have something with the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque,and participate the attack and the relapse of acute cerebral infarction.Determination of MMP-3 might be used to predict the attack and relapse of acute cerebral infarction.

One hundred patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in the study as the trial group, and 20 healthy individuals as control group. Intima-media thickness and plaque of the carotis were detected by carotid ultrasonography, cerebral infarction was detected by CT/MRI, and serum concentrations of sCD40L were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neurologie impairment score was evaluated in all patients. The results showed that in patients with acute ischemic stroke the serum concentrations of sCD40L in plaques group were significantly higher than those in no plaque group. The levels of serum sCD40L of infarction group (diameter>1.5 cm) were higher than those of lacunar infarction group ( diameter<1.5 cm ) and temporary ischemic attack ( TIA ) group. The levels of serum sD40L in trial group were all higher than those in control group. In the trial group, serum concentrations of sCD40L were correlated with neurologic impairment score. The results indicate that CD40/CD40L signaling pathway may be involved in the carotid atherosclerosis formation and the rupture of plaques, and the increase of serum CD40L levels might be a risk factor for acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.

Objective To analyze application effect and nursing experience of whole course nursing in microscopic surgery of intracranial tumor.Methods A total of 104 intracranial tumor patients in our hospital were divided into study group (n=52) and control group (n=52).The control group used conventional nursing measures, the study group implemented whole nursing intervention.Operation time, length of hospital stay, the changes of heart rate, blood pressure on the first postoperative day and before anesthesia, and postoperative complications were compared.Results The operation time and hospital stay in the study group were shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05).The heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before anesthesia were lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).The incidence of postoperative complications was 3.85%, which was lower than 17.31% in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The whole nursing model in microscopic intracranial tumors can effectively shorten the operation time and hospitalization time, guarantee the stability of the vital signs, and reduce incidence of complications, so it is suitable for clinical application.

Objective To analyze application effect and nursing experience of whole course nursing in microscopic surgery of intracranial tumor.Methods A total of 104 intracranial tumor patients in our hospital were divided into study group (n=52) and control group (n=52).The control group used conventional nursing measures, the study group implemented whole nursing intervention.Operation time, length of hospital stay, the changes of heart rate, blood pressure on the first postoperative day and before anesthesia, and postoperative complications were compared.Results The operation time and hospital stay in the study group were shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05).The heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before anesthesia were lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).The incidence of postoperative complications was 3.85%, which was lower than 17.31% in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The whole nursing model in microscopic intracranial tumors can effectively shorten the operation time and hospitalization time, guarantee the stability of the vital signs, and reduce incidence of complications, so it is suitable for clinical application.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Xinnao Shutong capsule (XNST) on energy metabolism dysfunction, free radical injury and inflammatic factors in the course of acute cerebral ischemic damage, and try to reveal the mechanism of the protection against ischemia.

METHOD60 male Wistar rats weighing 280 - 320 g were randomly divided into five groups: normal, sham operation, model, XNST treatment( XNST-T) , and Western medicine treatment (WM-T) group. Acute multi-infarct model in rats was induced by injecting the embolus of blood powder through the right external carotid artery (ECA) into the internal carotid artery (ICA). At 72 hours after ischemia, morphologic change and the express of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin -1beta ( IL-1beta) in hippocampus CAl section and cortex were observed, biochemical criterions including the activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in hippocampus were examined.

RESULTThe morphologic change of hippocampus and cortex in both XNST-T and WM-T groups was milder than that in model group. The activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, LDH and SOD in hippocampus were all significantly decreased in model group (P <0. 01), and elevated in XNST group (P <0. 01) as well as in WM-T group (P <0. 01). The content of MDA in hippocampus was significantly increased in model group (P <0. 05), and was reduced in XNST group (P <0. 05) as well as in WM-T group (P <0. 01).

CONCLUSIONThe results reveal that XNST has the protective effect against cerebral ischemic injury. And its possible mechanism is that XNST can prevent the upper pathological process.

Animals ; Brain Infarction ; complications ; Brain Ischemia ; etiology ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Capsules ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Saponins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tribulus ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo describe the clinicopathologic features and immunophenotypes of carcinoid tumorlets in the lung with bronchiectasis, and to study the morphogenesis of these tiny tumors.

METHODSThe histopathologic characteristics of 3 bronchiectasis cases with carcinoid tumorlets, 11 bronchiectasis and 2 normal lungs were studied. Specific markers of the tiny tumors and the number of neuroendocrine cells (NECs) in the airway mucosa were immunohistochemically detected by EnVision method.

RESULTSThe tumorlets in the lungs presented as multi-focal nodules and most were displayed only under microscopy. These cells were arranged in clusters and foci of fascicles which were situated in the surrounding bronchial wall and bronchioles adjacent to bronchiectatic lesion, or in the scar tissues. The tiny tumors were consisted of short fusiform cells and small ovoid cells. Their nuclei were circular, oval or long fusiform and the cells were strongly argyrophilic on Grimelius staining. Intensive positive immunostaining for calcitonin, chromogranin A, NSE and gastrin were detected. Weak positive for CK, EMA, S-100 and focal positive for HC, ACTH, 5-HT were also observed. Proliferative NECs in airway mucosa adjacent to the tiny tumors increased significantly in number, compared with those in the airway mucosa of bronchiectasis without tumorlets and normal lungs (P < 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSThe clinicopathologic features and immunophenotypes of carcinoid tumorlets resemble carcinoid tumors. They are the early stage of carcinoid development. Their development may be related to the chronic pulmonary damage resulting in hypoxia and stimulating the proliferation of NECs. These pulmonary carcinoid tumorlets can be used as a model to study the tumorigenesis of carcinoid carcinoma of the lung.

Adult ; Aged ; Bronchiectasis ; pathology ; Carcinoid Tumor ; chemistry ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Morphogenesis ; Neurosecretory Systems ; pathology

Through a systematic and comprehensive study of domestic and foreign literatures and information, this study aims to trace the herbal origin and the toxicity recorded in ancient and current documents, analyze the safety case reports of Psoralea corylifolia and experimental studies on toxicity in recent years, and make a preliminary summary about the clinical characteristics and potential risk factors of cases related to the safety of P. corylifolia and its preparations. The study involved 84 patients in the safety case reports of P. corylifolia. The adverse events were mainly liver damage (55.95%) and light toxic contact dermatitis (38.10%), sugguesting that P. corylifolia may lead to liver damage and photo toxicity. However, reproductive toxicity and renal damage were only reported in animal studies, but not in clinical reports. Because of its complicated ingredients, the toxic components and mechanisms of P. corylifolia have not been clear at present. Therefore, the authors proposed to strictly apply P. corylifolia in clinic, use it rationally and combine it with other medications. Besides, efforts shall be made to strength the guidance for doctors, the safety monitoring of P. corylifolia and relevant preparations, and actively carry out safety-related basic and clinical studies, so as to give a better guidance to safe medication, full exert the efficacy and avoid the medication risk.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of Puerarin (PR), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Puerariae radix, on bone metabolism and the underlying mechanism of action. The in vivo assay, female mice were ovariectomized (OVX), and the OVX mice were fed with a diet containing low, middle, and high doses of PR (2, 4, and 8 mg·d(-1), respectively) or 17β-estradiol (E2, 0.03 μg·d(-1)) for 4 weeks. In OVX mice, the uterine weight declined, and intake of PR at any dose did not affect uterine weight, compared with the control. The total femoral bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly reduced by OVX, which was reversed by intake of the diet with PR at any dose, especially at the low dose. In the in vitro assay, RAW264.7 cells were used for studying the direct effect of PR on the formation of osteoclasts. PR reduced the formation of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multi-nucleated cells in the RAW 264.7 cells induced by receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). MC3T3-E1 cells were used for studying the effects of PR on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL mRNA expression in osteoblasts. The expression of OPG mRNA and RANKL mRNA was detected by RT-PCR on Days of 5, 7, 10, and 12 after PR exposure. PR time-dependently enhanced the expression of OPG mRNA and reduced the expression of RANKL mRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PR can effectively prevent bone loss in OVX mice without any hyperplastic effect on the uterus, and the antiosteoporosis activity of PR may be related to its effects on the formation of osteoclasts and the expression of RANKL OPG in osteoblasts.
Animals ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Femur ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; administration & dosage ; Mice ; Osteoclasts ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Osteoprotegerin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Ovariectomy ; Pueraria ; chemistry ; RANK Ligand ; genetics ; metabolism

By retrieving domestic and foreign literatures, the authors provided a systematic review for effects of Xanthii Fructus, toxicity recorded in ancient/current literatures and relevant toxicological experience, and summarized clinical characteristics of clinical cases related to Xanthii Fructus and influencing factors. In addition to liver and kidney injuries as the major side effects of Xanthii Fructus, neurotoxicity and cardio-toxicity of Xanthii Fructus were also common clinical adverse events. However, there have been a few animal experimental studies so far. Oral administration and external application with Xanthii Fructus have often caused skin reactions, even such severe cases as exfoliative dermatitis. The authors suggested standardizing the clinical medication, avoiding to use untreated prescriptions and unprocessed herbs, ensuring the effective and safety use of Xanthii Fructus in strict accordance with the recommended dosage and usage in pharmacopeia, paying attention to the accumulation of safety signals, strengthening studies on toxic substance, toxicity mechanism, and synergy and attenuation effects.