BACKGROUND: Oxygen-derived free radicals are produced during non-enzymatic glycosylation of diabetic protein and accompanied with decrease in nitrogen monoxide (NO) synthesis so as to cause the calcium increase in cell,evacuation of pykno-granule and apoptosis induced by activating endoenzyme.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of non-enzymatic glycosylation inhibitor-aminoguanidine on apoptosis of cardiac myocyte and cardiac function in diabetic rats.DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping design and controlled study.SETTING: Pharmacological Department of Jinzhou Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed at the Central Laboratory of Jinzhou Medical College between September 2002 and March 2003. Totally 54 male SD rats with 2-month old were selected.METHODS: Totally 36 rats were selected to establish diabetic model 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin were injected into the caudal vein. If blood glucose of rats was more than 16.7 mmol/L, the establishment of diabetic model was successful. Model rats were divided into diabetes group and aminoguanidine (AG) group with 18 in each group. Rats in each group were also divided into two 12-week groups with 8 and 12 respectively. Another 18 rats were determined as the control group at 2 time points: 12 weeks (n=8) and 24 weeks (n=10). Rats in each group were fed for 12 and 24in other two groups. Calculation of mass index was [heart (mg)/body mass (g)]. Myocardial tissue of left ventricle was taken out and observed with transmission electron microscope and then stained with in situ end-labeling (ISEL) method. Number of positive nucleus was counted with 10 × 10 ocular lens check system and with 10 fields ISEL method; meanwhile, their average was obtained.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether there was apoptosis of cardiac cell and the effect on AG in changes of cardiac structure and function of diabetic rats or not.RESULTS: Eight rats were lost during the experiment because of death mass: That of rats in the 12-week and 24-week diabetic group was higher decrease and increase rate of pressure in left ventricle: That of rats in the 12-week and 24-week diabetic group was lower than that in the control in left ventricle: That in 24-week diabetes group was obviously lower than diabetic group was obviously more than that in AG group (P ＜ 0.01), and that in 24-week diabetes group was obviously more than that in 12-week Apoptosis could be observed in myocardial cell in diabetic group.CONCLUSION: Apoptosis of myocardial cell plays an important role in the development of heart failure in diabetic rats. AG can reduce the apoptosis of myocardial cell and decrease the myocardial pathomorphological abnormality.

Objective To investigate the self-efficacy levels and its influencing factors of community-based patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).Methods From October 2008 to March 2009,320 community COPD patients were recruited from a Shanghai community.They undertook questionnaires,scale survey and pulmonary function testing so as to investigate the influencing factors of self-efficacy.Results The total scale of self-efficacy was 74.24 ± 9.50 and the level of selfefficacy in 286 cases( 89.4％ )was intermediate.The knowledge of COPD,social supports,forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) and self-management level were entered into regression equation and could explain 57.1％ of the total variance of independent variables.Conclusions The knowledge of COPD,social supports,FEV1/FVC and self-management level are the major influencing factors of self-efficacy in the COPD patients.We should improve the knowledge of disease and strengthen the psychological care and social supports so as to improve their quality of life.

Objective To explore the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods A total of 350 COPD patients form 5 residents' committees in shanghai were recruited by using a convenient sampling method and were scored using Chinese Self-efficacy Scale (CSES)and the self-management behaviors scale.Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to detect the relation of self-efficacy with self-management behaviors.Results Three hundred and twenty adults were included in this investigation,and their average FEV1/FVC was (57.86 ± 7.06)％,average score of self-efficacy was 74.2 ± 9.5.In self-management behaviors,time spent on physical exercise was (16.2 ± 33.9) minutes per week,and endurance exercises accounted for (109.0±49.0) minutes per week.The score of cognitive symptom management practice was 0.9 ± 1.0 and communication with physicians was 0.7 ± 0.8.Total score of self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-management behavior in each dimension (r values were 0.522,0.407,0.330 and 0.044,respectively ; all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of COPD patients need to be improved,and self-efficacy may be related to self-management behaviors.

Objective To explore the correlation between social support and the self-efficacy among community patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ( COPD ) .Methods From October 2008 to March 2009 ,320 community patients with COPD were recruited from a community health service center by using a convenience sampling.The research data were taken by questionnaires and scale .The Spearman’s correlation analysis was done to analyze the correlation of social support and the self-efficacy.Results The total score of social support of the patients with COPD was ( 37 .64 ±5 .96 ) , which was lower than the national norm (40.80 ±7.64), and the total score of self-efficacy was (74.24 ±9.50).The number of patients with medium-level self-efficacy was 286 (89.4%).The overall social support was positively correlated with self-efficacy (r=0.553,P<0.01), and it was also positively correlated with the various dimensions of self-efficacy (r=0.190-0.515,P <0.05).Conclusions Social support and the self-efficacy are closely related.It is important to promote patients ’ self-efficacy and mobilize the social and family support by various approaches .

Objective To investigate the feasibility of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3βinhibitor CHIR99021 induces human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into definitive endoderm cells. Methods Human embryonic stem cells H1 cells were cultured in feeder-free medium (Essential 8). The expression of human embryonic stem cell pluripotency markers Oct4, Nanog were detected by immunolfuorescence. Human embryonic stem cells were treated with CHIR99021 of different concentrations (0.33, 1.00, 3.00, 9.00, 27.00μmol/L) and cultured for 3 d respectively. The untreated cells were taken as control. The expression levels of pluripotency related genes OCT4, SOX2 and deifnitive endoderm related genes GATA4, SOX17 were detected by lfuorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The experimental data were compared using one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test. Results The expression of human embryonic stem cell pluripotency markers Oct4, Nanog could be detected by immunofluorescence. The human embryonic stem cells were observed in good growth when treated with CHIR99021 of different concentrations (0.33, 1.00, 3.00μmol/L) . The human embryonic stem cells were observed in poor growth or dead when treated with the higher concentrations of CHIR99021. The expression of pluripotency related gene OCT4 decreased after treated with CHIR99021 of 1.00, 3.00μmol/L concentration (LSD-t=-40.54,-59.12;P<0.05). The expression of SOX2 also decreased significantly (LSD-t=-20.46,-3.87;P<0.05). The expression of definitive endoderm related genes GATA4 increased after treated with CHIR99021 of 1.00, 3.00μmol/L concentration (LSD-t=137.21, 65.29;P<0.05). The expression of SOX17 also increased significantly (LSD-t=50.93, 6.56;P<0.05). Conclusions Human embryonic stem cells can maintain a good pluripotent state in the feeder-free culturing system. CHIR99021 can effectively induce the human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into deifnitive endoderm cells.

Objective To study mechanical properties of the anisotropy for pig trachea and main bronchi, and determine the constitutive model of trachea deformation by finite element numerical simulation. Methods The pig tracheas were collected and cut through in their axial directions and expanded into two-dimensional planes. Then, by setting the length direction of the trachea aortas as 0°, each planar trachea was anticlockwisely cut into 6 samples with orientation of 30°,60°,90°,120°,150° and 180°, respectively. Uniaxial tensile tests were applied on the specimen in 6 angular directions by using the electronic universal test machine, to obtain stress and strain of the specimen in different directions. Nonlinear fitting to the experimental data was performed by using the Mooney-Rivilin hyperelastic model, in order to obtain the material characteristic parameters. Finite element models of the trachea and the main bronchi were established, and tensile numerical simulation was carried out.Results Samples at different angles showed different stress-strain curves. In the trachea, the stresses of samples with angle of 30°, 120° and 150° were in the range of 1.0-1.5 MPa, the stresses of samples with angle of 60° and 90° were in the range of 0.5-1.0 MPa, and the stresses of samples with angle of 180° were in the range of 2.5-3.0 MPa. In the main bronchi, the stresses of samples with angle of 30°, 120° and 150° were in the range of 0.8-1.0 MPa, the stresses of samples with angle of 90° and 180° were in the range of 1.4-1.8 MPa, and the stresses of samples with angle of 120° were in the range of 0.4-0.6 MPa. There was an obvious difference between the trachea and the main bronchi. The finite element simulation verified that the Mooney-Rivilin constitutive model was suitable for describing small deformation behavior of the trachea. Conclusions The pig trachea exhibits strong anisotropy. Meanwhile, the Mooney-Rivilin model can characterize small tracheal deformations. The results provide theoretical references for tracheal resection and reconstruction in clinical treatment and intervention with surgical instruments such as bronchoscopy.

ObjectiveTo investigate the synergistic cytotoxic effects and the mechanism of oncolytic adenovirus SG611 combined with cisplatin (DDP) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. MethodsHuman HCC HepG2 cells were infected by adenovirus vector SG611 carried with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The infection efficiency of SG611 on HepG2 cells were examined by flow cytometry. The synergistic cytotoxic effects of SG611 combined with DDP on HepG2 cells were evaluated by cell counting rit(cck)-8 assay and the cytotoxicity was assessed by crystal violet staining. The 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining was used to detect the apoptosis. The expression of protein E1A was examined by Western blot. The comparison of experimental data was conducted using one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test.Results HCC HepG2 cells infected by SG611-EGFP were observed under lfuorescence microscope. The GFP positive cells increased apparently with the increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI). The infection efficiency of SG611 detected by flow cytometry was 0.18%, 6.36%, 50.60%, 73.20%, 86.80% and 90.50%, which was with dose dependent. With the combined use of SG611 (MOI =10) and 1.5 μg/ml DDP, the cell viability was (33.2±1.2)%, which was significantly lower than (88.8±8.9)% of single use of SG611 (LSD-t=-7.83,P<0.05). The cytotoxic effects on HCC HepG2 cells of combined use was signiifcantly higher than that of single use of SG611. The apoptosis rate of HCC HepG2 cells was (23.9±1.5)% for combined use, which was signiifcantly higher than (15.3±1.0), (12.4±1.1)% for single use of SG611 or DDP (LSD-t=10.56, 21.34;P<0.05). In addition, E1A expression in HCC HepG2 cells significantly increased when combined use.Conclusions Oncolytic adenovirus SG611 combined with DDP has synergistic cytotoxic effects on HCC HepG2 cells. The action mechanism of the synergistic cytotoxic effects may be that the chemosensitivity of DDP is enhanced by SG611 and the proliferation of SG611 is enhanced by DDP.